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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Gubler DJ, 2002. The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Arch Med Res 33 :330–342.
-
2
Hardy JL, Houk EJ, Kramer LD, Reeves WC, 1983. Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses. Annu Rev Entomol 28 :229–262.
-
3
Gubler DJ, Nalim S, Tan R, Saipan H, Sulianti Saroso J, 1979. Variation in susceptibility to oral infection with dengue viruses among geographic strains of Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :1045–1052.
-
4
Tabachnick WJ, Powell JR, 1979. A world-wide survey of genetic variation in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Genet Res 34 :215–229.
-
5
Tabachnick WJ, Wallis GP, Aitken TH, Miller BR, Amato GD, Lorenz L, Powell JR, Beaty BJ, 1985. Oral infection of Aedes aegypti with yellow fever virus: geographic variation and genetic considerations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :1219–1224.
-
6
Tardieux I, Poupel O, Lapchin L, Rodhain F, 1990. Variation among strains of Aedes aegypti in susceptibility to oral infection with dengue virus type 2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :308–313.
-
7
Bosio CF, Beaty BJ, Black WC, 1998. Quantitative genetics of vector competence for dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :965–970.
-
8
Vazeille-Falcoz M, Mousson L, Rodhain F, Chungue E, Failloux AB, 1999. Variation in oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus of populations of Aedes aegypti from the islands of Tahiti and Moorea, French Polynesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :292–299.
-
9
Bennett KE, Olson KE, Munoz Mde L, Fernandez-Salas I, Farfan-Ale JA, Higgs S, Black WC, Beaty BJ, 2002. Variation in vector competence for dengue 2 virus among 24 collections of Aedes aegypti from Mexico and the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :85–92.
-
10
Failloux AB, Vazeille M, Rodhain F, 2002. Geographic genetic variation in populations of the dengue virus vector Aedes aegypti. J Mol Evol 55 :653–663.
-
11
Armstrong PM, Rico-Hesse R, 2003. Efficiency of dengue serotype 2 virus strains to infect and disseminate in Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :539–544.
-
12
Bosio CF, Beaty BJ, Black WC, 1998. Quantitative genetics of vector competence for dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :965–970.
-
13
Bennett KE, Beaty BJ, Black WC, 2005. Selection of D2S3, an Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) strain with high oral susceptibility to Dengue 2 virus and D2MEB, a strain with a midgut barrier to Dengue 2 escape. J Med Entomol 42 :110–119.
-
14
Black WC, Bennett KE, Gorrochotegui-Escalante N, Barillas-Mury CV, Fernandez-Salas I, de Lourdes Munoz M, Farfan-Ale JA, Olson KE, Beaty BJ, 2002. Flavivirus susceptibility in Aedes aegypti. Arch Med Res 33 :379–388.
-
15
Cleaves GR, Ryan TE, Schlesinger RW, 1981. Identification and characterization of type 2 dengue virus replicative intermediate and replicative form RNAs. Virology 111 :73–83.
-
16
Chu PW, Westaway EG, 1985. Replication strategy of Kunjin virus: evidence for recycling role of replicative form RNA as template in semiconservative and asymmetric replication. Virology 140 :68–79.
-
17
Chambers TJ, Hahn CS, Galler R, Rice CM, 1990. Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication. Annu Rev Microbiol 44 :649–688.
-
18
Vaughan G, Olivera H, Santos-Argumedo L, Landa A, Briseno B, Escobar-Gutierrez A, 2002. Dengue virus replicative intermediate RNA detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :198–200.
-
19
Pogue GP, Huntley CC, Hall TC, 1994. Common replication strategies emerging from the study of diverse groups of positive-strand RNA viruses. Arch Virol Suppl 9 :181–194.
-
20
Wang WK, Sung TL, Tsai YC, Kao CL, Chang SM, King CC, 2002. Detection of dengue virus replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dengue virus type 2-infected patients by a reverse transcription-real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 40 :4472–4478.
-
21
Schoepp RJ, Beaty BJ, 1984. Titration of dengue viruses by immunofluorescence in microtiter plates. J Clin Microbiol 20 :1017–1019.
-
22
Whitehead RH, Yuill TM, Gould DJ, Simasathien P, 1971. Experimental infection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus with dengue viruses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 65 :661–667.
-
23
Rosen L, Gubler D, 1974. The use of mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :1153–1160.
-
24
Kuberski T, 1979. Fluorescent antibody studies on the development of dengue-2 virus in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 16 :343–349.
-
25
Tesh RB, 1979. A method for the isolation and identification of dengue viruses, using mosquito cell cultures. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :1053–1059.
-
26
Yamada K, Takasaki T, Nawa M, Kurane I, 2002. Virus isolation as one of the diagnostic methods for dengue virus infection. J Clin Virol 24 :203–209.
-
27
Bae HG, Nitsche A, Teichmann A, Biel SS, Niedrig M, 2003. Detection of yellow fever virus: a comparison of quantitative real-time PCR and plaque assay. J Virol Methods 110 :185–191.
-
28
Papin JF, Vahrson W, Dittmer DP, 2004. SYBR green-based real-time quantitative PCR assay for detection of West Nile virus circumvents false-negative results due to strain variability. J Clin Microbiol 42 :1511–1518.
-
29
Morrison TB, Weis JJ, Wittwer CT, 1998. Quantification of low-copy transcripts by continuous SYBR Green I monitoring during amplification. Biotechniques 24 :954–958, 960, 962.
-
30
Cosa G, Focsaneanu KS, McLean JR, McNamee JP, Scaiano JC, 2001. Photophysical properties of fluorescent DNA-dyes bound to single- and double-stranded DNA in aqueous buffered solution. Photochem Photobiol 73 :585–599.
-
31
Armstrong PM, Rico-Hesse R, 2001. Differential susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to infection by the American and Southeast Asian genotypes of dengue type 2 virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1 :159–168.
-
32
Lambert AJ, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, 2003. Detection of North American eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses by nucleic acid amplification assays. J Clin Microbiol 41 :379–385.
-
33
Kauffman EB, Jones SA, Dupuis AP 2nd, Ngo KA, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2003. Virus detection protocols for West Nile virus in vertebrate and mosquito specimens. J Clin Microbiol 41 :3661–3667.
-
34
Johnson BW, Chambers TV, Crabtree MB, Guirakhoo F, Monath TP, Miller BR, 2004. Analysis of the replication kinetics of the ChimeriVax-DEN 1, 2, 3, 4 tetravalent virus mixture in Aedes aegypti by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :89–97.
-
35
Vanlandingham DL, Schneider BS, Klingler K, Fair J, Beasley D, Huang J, Hamilton P, Higgs S, 2004. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction quantification of West Nile virus transmitted by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :120–123.
-
36
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
37
Molina-Cruz A, Gupta L, Richardson J, Bennett K, Black WC, Barillas-Mury C, 2005. Effect of mosquito midgut trypsin activity on dengue-2 virus infection and dissemination in Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :631–637.
-
38
Deubel V, Kinney RM, Trent DW, 1986. Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the structural proteins of dengue type 2 virus, Jamaica genotype. Virology 155 :365–377.
-
39
Loroño-Pina MA, Farfán-Ale JA, Zapata-Peraza AL, Rosado-Paredes EP, Flores-Flores LF, García-Rejón JE, Díaz FJ, Blitvich BJ, Andrade-Narváez, M, Jimenez-Ríos E, Blair CD, Olson KE, Black WC, Beaty BJ, 2004. Introduction of the American-Asian genotype of Dengue 2 virus into the Yucatan State of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :485–492.
-
40
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating 50 per cent end-points. Am J Hyg 27 :493–497.
-
41
Jones LJ, Yue ST, Cheung CY, Singer VL, 1998. RNA quantitation by fluorescence-based solution assay: RiboGreen reagent characterization. Anal Biochem 265 :368–374.
-
42
Hashimoto JG, Beadles-Bohling AS, Wiren KM, 2004. Comparison of RiboGreen and 18S rRNA quantitation for normalizing real-time RT-PCR expression analysis. Biotechniques 36 :54–56, 58–60.
-
43
Laue T, Emmerich P, Schmitz H, 1999. Detection of dengue virus RNA in patients after primary or secondary dengue infection by using the TaqMan automated amplification system. J Clin Microbiol 37 :2543–2547.
-
44
Zuker M, 2003. Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction. Nucleic Acids Res 31 :3406–3415.
-
45
Lekanne Deprez RH, Fijnvandraat AC, Ruijter JM, Moorman AF, 2002. Sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR green I depends on cDNA synthesis conditions. Anal Biochem 307 :63–69.
-
46
Freeman WM, Walker SJ, Vrana KE, 1999. Quantitative RT-PCR: pitfalls and potential. Biotechniques 26 :112–122, 124–5.
-
47
Yang JH, Lai JP, Douglas SD, Metzger D, Zhu XH, Ho WZ, 2002. Real-time RT-PCR for quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA. J Virol Methods 102 :119–128.
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48
Letellier C, Kerkhofs P, 2003. Real-time PCR for simultaneous detection and genotyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Virol Methods 114 :21–27.
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Castelain S, Descamps V, Thibault V, Francois C, Bonte D, Morel V, Izopet J, Capron D, Zawadzki P, Duverlie G, 2004. TaqMan amplification system with an internal positive control for HCV RNA quantitation. J Clin Virol 31 :227–234.
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QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DENGUE-2 VIRUS RNA DURING THE EXTRINSIC INCUBATION PERIOD IN INDIVIDUAL AEDES AEGYPTI
JASON RICHARDSON
JASON RICHARDSON
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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ALVARO MOLINA-CRUZ
ALVARO MOLINA-CRUZ
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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MA ISABEL SALAZAR
MA ISABEL SALAZAR
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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WILLIAM BLACK IV
WILLIAM BLACK IV
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Dengue virus-2 (DENV-2) RNA was quantified from the midgut and legs of individual Aedes aegypti at each of 14 days postinfectious blood meal (dpi) in a DENV-2 susceptible strain from Chetumal, Mexico. A SYBR Green I based strand-specific, quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed. The lower detection and quantitation limits were 20 and 200 copies per reaction, respectively. Amounts of positive and negative strand viral RNA strands were correlated. Numbers of plaque-forming units (PFU) were correlated with DENV-2 RNA copy number in both C6/36 cell cultures and mosquitoes. PFU were consistently lower than RNA copy number by 2–3 log10. Midgut levels of DENV-2 RNA peaked 8 dpi and fluctuated erratically between 6 and 9 dpi. Copies of DENV-2 RNA varied significantly among infected mosquitoes at each time point. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR is a convenient and reliable method that provides new insights into virus-vector interactions.
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-
1
Gubler DJ, 2002. The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Arch Med Res 33 :330–342.
-
2
Hardy JL, Houk EJ, Kramer LD, Reeves WC, 1983. Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses. Annu Rev Entomol 28 :229–262.
-
3
Gubler DJ, Nalim S, Tan R, Saipan H, Sulianti Saroso J, 1979. Variation in susceptibility to oral infection with dengue viruses among geographic strains of Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :1045–1052.
-
4
Tabachnick WJ, Powell JR, 1979. A world-wide survey of genetic variation in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Genet Res 34 :215–229.
-
5
Tabachnick WJ, Wallis GP, Aitken TH, Miller BR, Amato GD, Lorenz L, Powell JR, Beaty BJ, 1985. Oral infection of Aedes aegypti with yellow fever virus: geographic variation and genetic considerations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :1219–1224.
-
6
Tardieux I, Poupel O, Lapchin L, Rodhain F, 1990. Variation among strains of Aedes aegypti in susceptibility to oral infection with dengue virus type 2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :308–313.
-
7
Bosio CF, Beaty BJ, Black WC, 1998. Quantitative genetics of vector competence for dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :965–970.
-
8
Vazeille-Falcoz M, Mousson L, Rodhain F, Chungue E, Failloux AB, 1999. Variation in oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus of populations of Aedes aegypti from the islands of Tahiti and Moorea, French Polynesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :292–299.
-
9
Bennett KE, Olson KE, Munoz Mde L, Fernandez-Salas I, Farfan-Ale JA, Higgs S, Black WC, Beaty BJ, 2002. Variation in vector competence for dengue 2 virus among 24 collections of Aedes aegypti from Mexico and the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :85–92.
-
10
Failloux AB, Vazeille M, Rodhain F, 2002. Geographic genetic variation in populations of the dengue virus vector Aedes aegypti. J Mol Evol 55 :653–663.
-
11
Armstrong PM, Rico-Hesse R, 2003. Efficiency of dengue serotype 2 virus strains to infect and disseminate in Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :539–544.
-
12
Bosio CF, Beaty BJ, Black WC, 1998. Quantitative genetics of vector competence for dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :965–970.
-
13
Bennett KE, Beaty BJ, Black WC, 2005. Selection of D2S3, an Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) strain with high oral susceptibility to Dengue 2 virus and D2MEB, a strain with a midgut barrier to Dengue 2 escape. J Med Entomol 42 :110–119.
-
14
Black WC, Bennett KE, Gorrochotegui-Escalante N, Barillas-Mury CV, Fernandez-Salas I, de Lourdes Munoz M, Farfan-Ale JA, Olson KE, Beaty BJ, 2002. Flavivirus susceptibility in Aedes aegypti. Arch Med Res 33 :379–388.
-
15
Cleaves GR, Ryan TE, Schlesinger RW, 1981. Identification and characterization of type 2 dengue virus replicative intermediate and replicative form RNAs. Virology 111 :73–83.
-
16
Chu PW, Westaway EG, 1985. Replication strategy of Kunjin virus: evidence for recycling role of replicative form RNA as template in semiconservative and asymmetric replication. Virology 140 :68–79.
-
17
Chambers TJ, Hahn CS, Galler R, Rice CM, 1990. Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication. Annu Rev Microbiol 44 :649–688.
-
18
Vaughan G, Olivera H, Santos-Argumedo L, Landa A, Briseno B, Escobar-Gutierrez A, 2002. Dengue virus replicative intermediate RNA detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :198–200.
-
19
Pogue GP, Huntley CC, Hall TC, 1994. Common replication strategies emerging from the study of diverse groups of positive-strand RNA viruses. Arch Virol Suppl 9 :181–194.
-
20
Wang WK, Sung TL, Tsai YC, Kao CL, Chang SM, King CC, 2002. Detection of dengue virus replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dengue virus type 2-infected patients by a reverse transcription-real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 40 :4472–4478.
-
21
Schoepp RJ, Beaty BJ, 1984. Titration of dengue viruses by immunofluorescence in microtiter plates. J Clin Microbiol 20 :1017–1019.
-
22
Whitehead RH, Yuill TM, Gould DJ, Simasathien P, 1971. Experimental infection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus with dengue viruses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 65 :661–667.
-
23
Rosen L, Gubler D, 1974. The use of mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :1153–1160.
-
24
Kuberski T, 1979. Fluorescent antibody studies on the development of dengue-2 virus in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 16 :343–349.
-
25
Tesh RB, 1979. A method for the isolation and identification of dengue viruses, using mosquito cell cultures. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28 :1053–1059.
-
26
Yamada K, Takasaki T, Nawa M, Kurane I, 2002. Virus isolation as one of the diagnostic methods for dengue virus infection. J Clin Virol 24 :203–209.
-
27
Bae HG, Nitsche A, Teichmann A, Biel SS, Niedrig M, 2003. Detection of yellow fever virus: a comparison of quantitative real-time PCR and plaque assay. J Virol Methods 110 :185–191.
-
28
Papin JF, Vahrson W, Dittmer DP, 2004. SYBR green-based real-time quantitative PCR assay for detection of West Nile virus circumvents false-negative results due to strain variability. J Clin Microbiol 42 :1511–1518.
-
29
Morrison TB, Weis JJ, Wittwer CT, 1998. Quantification of low-copy transcripts by continuous SYBR Green I monitoring during amplification. Biotechniques 24 :954–958, 960, 962.
-
30
Cosa G, Focsaneanu KS, McLean JR, McNamee JP, Scaiano JC, 2001. Photophysical properties of fluorescent DNA-dyes bound to single- and double-stranded DNA in aqueous buffered solution. Photochem Photobiol 73 :585–599.
-
31
Armstrong PM, Rico-Hesse R, 2001. Differential susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to infection by the American and Southeast Asian genotypes of dengue type 2 virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1 :159–168.
-
32
Lambert AJ, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, 2003. Detection of North American eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses by nucleic acid amplification assays. J Clin Microbiol 41 :379–385.
-
33
Kauffman EB, Jones SA, Dupuis AP 2nd, Ngo KA, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2003. Virus detection protocols for West Nile virus in vertebrate and mosquito specimens. J Clin Microbiol 41 :3661–3667.
-
34
Johnson BW, Chambers TV, Crabtree MB, Guirakhoo F, Monath TP, Miller BR, 2004. Analysis of the replication kinetics of the ChimeriVax-DEN 1, 2, 3, 4 tetravalent virus mixture in Aedes aegypti by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :89–97.
-
35
Vanlandingham DL, Schneider BS, Klingler K, Fair J, Beasley D, Huang J, Hamilton P, Higgs S, 2004. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction quantification of West Nile virus transmitted by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :120–123.
-
36
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
37
Molina-Cruz A, Gupta L, Richardson J, Bennett K, Black WC, Barillas-Mury C, 2005. Effect of mosquito midgut trypsin activity on dengue-2 virus infection and dissemination in Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :631–637.
-
38
Deubel V, Kinney RM, Trent DW, 1986. Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the structural proteins of dengue type 2 virus, Jamaica genotype. Virology 155 :365–377.
-
39
Loroño-Pina MA, Farfán-Ale JA, Zapata-Peraza AL, Rosado-Paredes EP, Flores-Flores LF, García-Rejón JE, Díaz FJ, Blitvich BJ, Andrade-Narváez, M, Jimenez-Ríos E, Blair CD, Olson KE, Black WC, Beaty BJ, 2004. Introduction of the American-Asian genotype of Dengue 2 virus into the Yucatan State of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :485–492.
-
40
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating 50 per cent end-points. Am J Hyg 27 :493–497.
-
41
Jones LJ, Yue ST, Cheung CY, Singer VL, 1998. RNA quantitation by fluorescence-based solution assay: RiboGreen reagent characterization. Anal Biochem 265 :368–374.
-
42
Hashimoto JG, Beadles-Bohling AS, Wiren KM, 2004. Comparison of RiboGreen and 18S rRNA quantitation for normalizing real-time RT-PCR expression analysis. Biotechniques 36 :54–56, 58–60.
-
43
Laue T, Emmerich P, Schmitz H, 1999. Detection of dengue virus RNA in patients after primary or secondary dengue infection by using the TaqMan automated amplification system. J Clin Microbiol 37 :2543–2547.
-
44
Zuker M, 2003. Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction. Nucleic Acids Res 31 :3406–3415.
-
45
Lekanne Deprez RH, Fijnvandraat AC, Ruijter JM, Moorman AF, 2002. Sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR green I depends on cDNA synthesis conditions. Anal Biochem 307 :63–69.
-
46
Freeman WM, Walker SJ, Vrana KE, 1999. Quantitative RT-PCR: pitfalls and potential. Biotechniques 26 :112–122, 124–5.
-
47
Yang JH, Lai JP, Douglas SD, Metzger D, Zhu XH, Ho WZ, 2002. Real-time RT-PCR for quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA. J Virol Methods 102 :119–128.
-
48
Letellier C, Kerkhofs P, 2003. Real-time PCR for simultaneous detection and genotyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Virol Methods 114 :21–27.
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