Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 :214–217.
-
2
Onah DN, Onyenwe IW, Ihedioha JI, Onwumere OS, 2004. Enhanced survival of rats concurrently infected with Trypanosoma brucei and Strongyloides ratti. Vet Parasitol 119 :165–176.
-
3
Yan Y, Inuo G, Akao N, Tsukidate S, Fujita K, 1997. Down-regulation of murine susceptibility to cerebral malaria by inoculation with third-stage larvae of the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi. Parasitology 114 :333–338.
-
4
Helmby H, Kullberg M, Troye-Blomberg M, 1998. Altered immune responses in mice with concomitant Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium chabaudi infections. Infect Immun 66 :5167–5174.
-
5
Legesse M, Erko B, Balcha F, 2004. Increased parasitaemia and delayed parasite clearance in Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium berghei co-infected mice. Acta Trop 91 :161–166.
-
6
Nacher M, Gay F, Singhasivanon P, Krudsood S, Treeprasertsuk S, Mazier D, Vouldoukis I, Looareesuwan S, 2000. Ascaris lumbricoides infection is associated with protection from cerebral malaria. Parasite Immunol 22 :107–113.
-
7
Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Silachamroon U, Treeprasertsuk S, Vannaphan S, Traore B, Gay F, Looareesuwan S, 2001. Helminth infections are associated with protection from malaria-related acute renal failure and jaundice in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :834–836.
-
8
Spiegel A, Tall A, Raphenon G, Trape JF, Druilhe P, 2003. Increased frequency of malaria attacks in subjects co-infected by intestinal worms and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :198–199.
-
9
Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Yimsamran S, Manibunyong W, Thanyavanich N, Wuthisen R, Looareesuwan S, 2002. Intestinal helminth infections are associated with increased incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. J Parasitol 88 :55–58.
-
10
Sokhna C, Le Hesran JY, Mbaye PA, Akiana J, Camara P, Diop M, Ly A, Druilhe P, 2004. Increase of malaria attacks among children presenting concomitant infection by Schistosoma mansoni in Senegal. Malar J 3 :43.
-
11
Coulibaly D, Diallo DA, Thera MA, Dicko A, Guindo AB, Kone AK, Cissoko Y, Coulibaly S, Djimde A, Lyke K, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, 2002. Impact of preseason treatment on incidence of falciparum malaria and parasite density at a site for testing malaria vaccines in Bandiagara, Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :604–610.
-
12
de Clercq D, Rollinson D, Diarra A, Sacko M, Coulibaly G, Landoure A, Traore M, Southgate VR, Kaukas A, Vercruysse J, 1994. Schistosomiasis in Dogon country, Mali: identification and prevalence of the species responsible for infection in the local community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :653–656.
-
13
Corachan M, Ruiz L, Valls ME, Gascon J, 1992. Schistosomiasis and the Dogon country (Mali). Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :6–9.
-
14
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, Coulibaly D, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344 :257–263.
-
15
Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, Wellems TE, Emanuel EJ, Hurst SA, 2005. Community permission for medical research in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis 41 :255–259.
-
16
Chandiwana SK, Woolhouse ME, Bradley M, 1991. Factors affecting the intensity of reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium following treatment with praziquantel. Parasitology 102 :73–83.
-
17
King CL, Medhat A, Malhotra I, Nafeh M, Helmy A, Khaudary J, Ibrahim S, El Sherbiny M, Zaky S, Stupi RJ, Brustoski K, Shehata M, Shata MT, 1996. Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human urinary schistosomiasis. IL-10 modulates lymphocyte reactivity. J Immunol 156 :4715–4721.
-
18
Grogan JL, Kremsner PG, Deelder AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, 1998. Antigen-specific proliferation and interferon-gamma and interleukin-5 production are down-regulated during Schistosoma haematobium infection. J Infect Dis 177 :1433–1437.
-
19
Briand V, Watier L, Le Hesran JY, Garcia A, Cot M, 2005. Coinfection with Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma haematobium: Protective effect of schistosomiasis on malaria in Senegalese children? Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :702–707.
-
20
von der WT, Honarvar N, Langhorne J, 1996. Gene-targeted mice lacking B cells are unable to eliminate a blood stage malaria infection. J Immunol 156 :2510–2516.
-
21
Stevenson MM, Tam MF, 1993. Differential induction of helper T cell subsets during blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection in resistant and susceptible mice. Clin Exp Immunol 92 :77–83.
-
22
Zwingenberger K, Hohmann A, de Brito MC, Ritter M, 1991. Impaired balance of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma production in infections with Schistosoma mansoni and intestinal nematodes. Scand J Immunol 34 :243–251.
-
23
Golding B, Zaitseva M, Golding H, 1994. The potential for recruiting immune responses toward type 1 or type 2 T cell help. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :33–40.
-
24
Cooper PJ, Chico ME, Sandoval C, Espinel I, Guevara A, Kennedy MW, Urban JF Jr, Griffin GE, Nutman TB, 2000. Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with a polarized cytokine response. J Infect Dis 182 :1207–1213.
-
25
La Flamme AC, Scott P, Pearce EJ, 2002. Schistosomiasis delays lesion resolution during Leishmania major infection by impairing parasite killing by macrophages. Parasite Immunol 24 :339–345.
-
26
Graham AL, Lamb TJ, Read AF, Allen JE, 2005. Malaria-filaria coinfection in mice makes malarial disease more severe unless filarial infection achieves patency. J Infect Dis 191 :410–421.
-
27
Sabin EA, Araujo MI, Carvalho EM, Pearce EJ, 1996. Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni. J Infect Dis 173 :269–272.
-
28
Cooper PJ, Chico M, Sandoval C, Espinel I, Guevara A, Levine MM, Griffin GE, Nutman TB, 2001. Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with suppression of the interleukin-2 response to recombinant cholera toxin B subunit following vaccination with the live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. Infect Immun 69 :1574–1580.
-
29
Viana IR, Sher A, Carvalho OS, Massara CL, Eloi-Santos SM, Pearce EJ, Colley DG, Gazzinelli G, Correa-Oliveira R, 1994. Interferon-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from residents of an area endemic for Schistosoma mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :466–470.
-
30
Zwingenberger K, Irschick E, Siqueira Vergetti JG, Correia Dacal AR, Janssen-Rosseck R, Bienzle U, Huber C, Feldmeier H, 1989. Release of interleukin 2 and gamma interferon by peripheral mononuclear cells in human Schistosoma mansoni infection normalizes after chemotherapy. Scand J Immunol 30 :463–471.
-
31
Borkow G, Leng Q, Weisman Z, Stein M, Galai N, Kalinkovich A, Bentwich Z, 2000. Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy. J Clin Invest 106 :1053–1060.
-
32
Kamal SM, Bianchi L, Al Tawil A, Koziel M, El Sayed KK, Peter T, Rasenack JW, 2001. Specific cellular immune response and cytokine patterns in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and Schistosoma mansoni. J Infect Dis 184 :972–982.
-
33
Etard JF, Audibert M, Dabo A, 1995. Age-acquired resistance and predisposition to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :549–558.
-
34
Nyakeriga AM, Troye-Blomberg M, Dorfman JR, Alexander ND, Back R, Kortok M, Chemtai AK, Marsh K, Williams TN, 2004. Iron deficiency and malaria among children living on the coast of Kenya. J Infect Dis 190 :439–447.
-
35
Oppenheimer SJ, Gibson FD, Macfarlane SB, Moody JB, Harrison C, Spencer A, Bunari O, 1986. Iron supplementation increases prevalence and effects of malaria: report on clinical studies in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :603–612.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1274 | 1201 | 380 |
| Full Text Views | 325 | 35 | 25 |
| PDF Downloads | 95 | 10 | 2 |
ASSOCIATION OF SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM INFECTION WITH PROTECTION AGAINST ACUTE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN MALIAN CHILDREN
KIRSTEN E. LYKE
KIRSTEN E. LYKE
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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ALASSANE DICKO
ALASSANE DICKO
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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ABDOULAYE DABO
ABDOULAYE DABO
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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LANSANA SANGARE
LANSANA SANGARE
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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ABDOULAYE KONE
ABDOULAYE KONE
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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DRISSA COULIBALY
DRISSA COULIBALY
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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ANDO GUINDO
ANDO GUINDO
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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KARIM TRAORE
KARIM TRAORE
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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MODIBO DAOU
MODIBO DAOU
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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ISSA DIARRA
ISSA DIARRA
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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MARCELO B. SZTEIN
MARCELO B. SZTEIN
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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CHRISTOPHER V. PLOWE
CHRISTOPHER V. PLOWE
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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OGOBARA K. DOUMBO
OGOBARA K. DOUMBO
Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Malaria Research and Training Center, Bandiagara Malaria Project, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma haematobium are co-endemic parasitic diseases with worldwide distribution. Evidence suggests interactions occur between helminthic and malaria infections, although it is unclear whether this effect is beneficial or harmful to the host. Malian children 4–14 years of age with asymptomatic S. haematobium infection (SP) (n = 338) were prospectively matched by age, sex, and residence to children without schistosomiasis (SN) (n = 338) who were cleared of occult intestinal parasites, and followed-up for one malaria transmission season (25 weeks). The time to the first clinical malaria infection, incidence of malaria episodes, and parasitemia were recorded. Age associated protection from malaria in children with schistosomiasis was observed. SP children (4–8 years of age) compared with SN children demonstrated delayed time to first clinical malaria infection (74 versus 59 days; P = 0.04), fewer numbers of malaria episodes (1.55 versus 1.81 infections; P = 0.03) and lower geometric mean parasite densities (6,359 versus 9,874 asexual forms/mm3; P = 0.07) at first infection. No association between schistosomiasis and P. falciparum malaria was observed in children 9–14 years of age. We conclude that underlying schistosomiasis is associated with protection against clinical falciparum malaria in an age-dependent manner.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 :214–217.
-
2
Onah DN, Onyenwe IW, Ihedioha JI, Onwumere OS, 2004. Enhanced survival of rats concurrently infected with Trypanosoma brucei and Strongyloides ratti. Vet Parasitol 119 :165–176.
-
3
Yan Y, Inuo G, Akao N, Tsukidate S, Fujita K, 1997. Down-regulation of murine susceptibility to cerebral malaria by inoculation with third-stage larvae of the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi. Parasitology 114 :333–338.
-
4
Helmby H, Kullberg M, Troye-Blomberg M, 1998. Altered immune responses in mice with concomitant Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium chabaudi infections. Infect Immun 66 :5167–5174.
-
5
Legesse M, Erko B, Balcha F, 2004. Increased parasitaemia and delayed parasite clearance in Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium berghei co-infected mice. Acta Trop 91 :161–166.
-
6
Nacher M, Gay F, Singhasivanon P, Krudsood S, Treeprasertsuk S, Mazier D, Vouldoukis I, Looareesuwan S, 2000. Ascaris lumbricoides infection is associated with protection from cerebral malaria. Parasite Immunol 22 :107–113.
-
7
Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Silachamroon U, Treeprasertsuk S, Vannaphan S, Traore B, Gay F, Looareesuwan S, 2001. Helminth infections are associated with protection from malaria-related acute renal failure and jaundice in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :834–836.
-
8
Spiegel A, Tall A, Raphenon G, Trape JF, Druilhe P, 2003. Increased frequency of malaria attacks in subjects co-infected by intestinal worms and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :198–199.
-
9
Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Yimsamran S, Manibunyong W, Thanyavanich N, Wuthisen R, Looareesuwan S, 2002. Intestinal helminth infections are associated with increased incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. J Parasitol 88 :55–58.
-
10
Sokhna C, Le Hesran JY, Mbaye PA, Akiana J, Camara P, Diop M, Ly A, Druilhe P, 2004. Increase of malaria attacks among children presenting concomitant infection by Schistosoma mansoni in Senegal. Malar J 3 :43.
-
11
Coulibaly D, Diallo DA, Thera MA, Dicko A, Guindo AB, Kone AK, Cissoko Y, Coulibaly S, Djimde A, Lyke K, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, 2002. Impact of preseason treatment on incidence of falciparum malaria and parasite density at a site for testing malaria vaccines in Bandiagara, Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :604–610.
-
12
de Clercq D, Rollinson D, Diarra A, Sacko M, Coulibaly G, Landoure A, Traore M, Southgate VR, Kaukas A, Vercruysse J, 1994. Schistosomiasis in Dogon country, Mali: identification and prevalence of the species responsible for infection in the local community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :653–656.
-
13
Corachan M, Ruiz L, Valls ME, Gascon J, 1992. Schistosomiasis and the Dogon country (Mali). Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :6–9.
-
14
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, Coulibaly D, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344 :257–263.
-
15
Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, Wellems TE, Emanuel EJ, Hurst SA, 2005. Community permission for medical research in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis 41 :255–259.
-
16
Chandiwana SK, Woolhouse ME, Bradley M, 1991. Factors affecting the intensity of reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium following treatment with praziquantel. Parasitology 102 :73–83.
-
17
King CL, Medhat A, Malhotra I, Nafeh M, Helmy A, Khaudary J, Ibrahim S, El Sherbiny M, Zaky S, Stupi RJ, Brustoski K, Shehata M, Shata MT, 1996. Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human urinary schistosomiasis. IL-10 modulates lymphocyte reactivity. J Immunol 156 :4715–4721.
-
18
Grogan JL, Kremsner PG, Deelder AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, 1998. Antigen-specific proliferation and interferon-gamma and interleukin-5 production are down-regulated during Schistosoma haematobium infection. J Infect Dis 177 :1433–1437.
-
19
Briand V, Watier L, Le Hesran JY, Garcia A, Cot M, 2005. Coinfection with Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma haematobium: Protective effect of schistosomiasis on malaria in Senegalese children? Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :702–707.
-
20
von der WT, Honarvar N, Langhorne J, 1996. Gene-targeted mice lacking B cells are unable to eliminate a blood stage malaria infection. J Immunol 156 :2510–2516.
-
21
Stevenson MM, Tam MF, 1993. Differential induction of helper T cell subsets during blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection in resistant and susceptible mice. Clin Exp Immunol 92 :77–83.
-
22
Zwingenberger K, Hohmann A, de Brito MC, Ritter M, 1991. Impaired balance of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma production in infections with Schistosoma mansoni and intestinal nematodes. Scand J Immunol 34 :243–251.
-
23
Golding B, Zaitseva M, Golding H, 1994. The potential for recruiting immune responses toward type 1 or type 2 T cell help. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :33–40.
-
24
Cooper PJ, Chico ME, Sandoval C, Espinel I, Guevara A, Kennedy MW, Urban JF Jr, Griffin GE, Nutman TB, 2000. Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with a polarized cytokine response. J Infect Dis 182 :1207–1213.
-
25
La Flamme AC, Scott P, Pearce EJ, 2002. Schistosomiasis delays lesion resolution during Leishmania major infection by impairing parasite killing by macrophages. Parasite Immunol 24 :339–345.
-
26
Graham AL, Lamb TJ, Read AF, Allen JE, 2005. Malaria-filaria coinfection in mice makes malarial disease more severe unless filarial infection achieves patency. J Infect Dis 191 :410–421.
-
27
Sabin EA, Araujo MI, Carvalho EM, Pearce EJ, 1996. Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni. J Infect Dis 173 :269–272.
-
28
Cooper PJ, Chico M, Sandoval C, Espinel I, Guevara A, Levine MM, Griffin GE, Nutman TB, 2001. Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with suppression of the interleukin-2 response to recombinant cholera toxin B subunit following vaccination with the live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. Infect Immun 69 :1574–1580.
-
29
Viana IR, Sher A, Carvalho OS, Massara CL, Eloi-Santos SM, Pearce EJ, Colley DG, Gazzinelli G, Correa-Oliveira R, 1994. Interferon-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from residents of an area endemic for Schistosoma mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :466–470.
-
30
Zwingenberger K, Irschick E, Siqueira Vergetti JG, Correia Dacal AR, Janssen-Rosseck R, Bienzle U, Huber C, Feldmeier H, 1989. Release of interleukin 2 and gamma interferon by peripheral mononuclear cells in human Schistosoma mansoni infection normalizes after chemotherapy. Scand J Immunol 30 :463–471.
-
31
Borkow G, Leng Q, Weisman Z, Stein M, Galai N, Kalinkovich A, Bentwich Z, 2000. Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy. J Clin Invest 106 :1053–1060.
-
32
Kamal SM, Bianchi L, Al Tawil A, Koziel M, El Sayed KK, Peter T, Rasenack JW, 2001. Specific cellular immune response and cytokine patterns in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and Schistosoma mansoni. J Infect Dis 184 :972–982.
-
33
Etard JF, Audibert M, Dabo A, 1995. Age-acquired resistance and predisposition to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :549–558.
-
34
Nyakeriga AM, Troye-Blomberg M, Dorfman JR, Alexander ND, Back R, Kortok M, Chemtai AK, Marsh K, Williams TN, 2004. Iron deficiency and malaria among children living on the coast of Kenya. J Infect Dis 190 :439–447.
-
35
Oppenheimer SJ, Gibson FD, Macfarlane SB, Moody JB, Harrison C, Spencer A, Bunari O, 1986. Iron supplementation increases prevalence and effects of malaria: report on clinical studies in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :603–612.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1274 | 1201 | 380 |
| Full Text Views | 325 | 35 | 25 |
| PDF Downloads | 95 | 10 | 2 |