ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14 :296–326.
-
2
Turner LH, 1967. Leptospirosis. I. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 61 :842–855.
-
3
Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM, 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :757–771.
-
4
Paz-Soldan SV, Dianderas MT, Windsor RS, 1991. Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola: a causal agent of sow abortions in Arequipa, Peru. Trop Anim Health Prod 23 :233–240.
-
5
Liceras de Hidalgo J, Hidalgo R, Flores M, 1981. Leptospirosis in Tingo Maria, Department of Huanuco, Peru. I. Study on man and domestic animals. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 90 :430–438.
-
6
Liceras de Hidalgo J, Hidalgo R, Aznaran G, 1971. Leptospirosis in animals slaughtered in Chimbote, Peru. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 70 :429–435.
-
7
Liceras de Hidalgo J, Hidalgo R, 1970. Leptopirosis in cattle and slaughtermen of Tumbes, Peru. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 68 :297–306.
-
8
Ochoa JE, Sanchez A, Ruiz I, 2000. Epidemiology of leptospirosis in a livestock production area of the Andes. Rev Panam Salud Publica 7 :325–331.
-
9
Bunnell JE, Hice CL, Watts DM, Montrueil V, Tesh RB, Vinetz JM, 2000. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :255–258.
-
10
Kunz TH, 1982. Roosting ecology of bats. Kunz TH, ed. The Ecology of Bats. New York: Plenum Press, 1–55.
-
11
Liceras de Hidalgo J, 1981. Leptospirosis in Tingo Maria, Huanuco Department, Peru. II. Study in wild animals. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 91 :47–55.
-
12
Hartskeerl RA, Terpstra WJ, 1996. Leptospirosis in wild animals. Vet Q 18 (Suppl 3):S149–S150.
-
13
Smythe LD, Field HE, Barnett LJ, Smith CS, Dohnt MF, Symonds ML, Moore MR, Rolfe PF, 2002. Leptospiral antibodies in flying foxes in Australia. J Wildl Dis 38 :182–186.
-
14
Sebek Z, Sixl W, Reinthaler F, Valova M, Schneeweiss W, Stunzner D, Mascher F, 1989. Results of serological examination for leptospirosis of domestic and wild animals in the Upper Nile province (Sudan). J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 33 :337–345.
-
15
Hice CL, Velazco R, Willig MR, 2004. Bats of the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana, northeaastern Peru, with notes on community structure. Acta Chiropterologica :319–334.
-
16
Brenner DJ, Kaufmann AF, Sulzer KR, Steigerwalt AG, Rogers FC, Weyant RS, 1999. Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp. nov. and four new Leptospira genomospecies. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 :839–858.
-
17
Hookey JV, Bryden J, Gatehouse L, 1993. The use of 16S rDNA sequence analysis to investigate the phylogeny of Leptospiraceae and related spirochaetes. J Gen Microbiol 139 :2585–2590.
-
18
Postic D, Riquelme-Sertour N, Merien F, Perolat P, Baranton G, 2000. Interest of partial 16S rDNA gene sequences to resolve heterogeneities between Leptospira collections: application to L. meyeri. Res Microbiol 151 :333–341.
-
19
Andleman SJ, Willig MR, 2003. Present patterns and future prospects for biodiversity in the Western Hemisphere. Ecol Lett :1–7.
-
20
Pacheco V, de Macedo H, Vivar E, Ascorra CF, Arana-Cardo R, Solari S, 1995. Lista Anotada de los Mamiferos Peruanos. Conservation International: 1–35.
-
21
Collares-Pereira M, Korver H, Cao Thi BV, Santos-Reis M, Bellenger E, Baranton G, Terpstra WJ, 2000. Analysis of Leptospira isolates from mainland Portugal and the Azores islands. FEMS Microbiol Lett 185 :181–187.
-
22
Gravekamp C, van de Kemp H, Franzen M, Carrington D, Schoone GJ, van Eys GJ, Everard CO, Hartskeerl RA, Terpstra WJ, 1993. Detection of seven species of pathogenic leptospires by PCR using two sets of primers. J Gen Microbiol 139 :1691–1700.
-
23
Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ, 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol 173 :697–703.
-
24
Smythe LD, Smith IL, Smith GA, Dohnt MF, Symonds ML, Barnett LJ, McKay DB, 2002. A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp. BMC Infect Dis 2 :13.
-
25
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14 :817–818.
-
26
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F, 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17 :754–755.
-
27
Rodriguez F, Oliver JL, Marin A, Medina JR, 1990. The general stochastic model of nucleotide substitution. J Theor Biol 142 :485–501.
-
28
Miller RE, McDonald JA, Manos PS, 2004. Systematics of Ipomoea subgenus Quamoclit (Convolvulaceae) based on ITS sequence data and a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Am J Botany 91 :1208–1218.
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29
Huelsenbeck JP, Larget B, Miller RE, Ronquist F, 2002. Potential applications and pitfalls of Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Syst Biol 51 :673–688.
-
30
Segura ER, Ganoza CA, Campos K, Ricaldi JN, Torres S, Silva H, Cespedes MJ, Matthias MA, Swancutt MA, Lopez Linan R, Gotuzzo E, Guerra H, Gilman RH, Vinetz JM, 2005. Clinical spectrum of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis in a region of endemicity, with quantification of leptospiral burden. Clin Infect Dis 40 :343–351.
-
31
Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA, Pilgrim J, Gascon C, Fonseca G, Cardoso da Silva JM, Mittermeier CG, Brooks T, Rodríguez JV, Singh J, Udenhout W, Famolare L, Waldron N, Malone S, Inchausty VH, Ponce del Prado C, Roca R, Cavalcanti R, Arjona F, López F, Hutchinson C, van Roosmalen MGM, Ayres JM, Forsyth A, Bowles I, Kormos C, Mekler A, Waller R, 2002. Amazonia. Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Robles Gil P, Pilgrim J, da Foseca GAB, Brooks T, Konstant WR, eds. Wilderness, Earth’s Last Wild Places. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX, Washington, DC: Conservation International, and Mexico City: Agrupación Sierra Madre, 56–107.
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32
FAO, 2003. Agricultura de Conservación, Uniendo Producción con Sostenibilidad. Available from http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agse/agse_s/General/OBJECT.htm.
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-
34
Willig MR, Bloch CP, Hice CL, Presley SJ, Yanoviac SY, Diaz MM, Arias L, Pacheco V, 2005. Bats of lowland Amazonian forest: effects of anthropogenic alteration of habitat. J Mammal: (in press).
-
35
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DIVERSITY OF BAT-ASSOCIATED LEPTOSPIRA IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON INFERRED BY BAYESIAN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF 16S RIBOSOMAL DNA SEQUENCES
MICHAEL A. MATTHIAS
MICHAEL A. MATTHIAS
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California: Ecology Program, Department of Biological Science and Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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M. MÓNICA DÍAZ
M. MÓNICA DÍAZ
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California: Ecology Program, Department of Biological Science and Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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KALINA J. CAMPOS
KALINA J. CAMPOS
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California: Ecology Program, Department of Biological Science and Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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MARITZA CALDERON
MARITZA CALDERON
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California: Ecology Program, Department of Biological Science and Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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MICHAEL R. WILLIG
MICHAEL R. WILLIG
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California: Ecology Program, Department of Biological Science and Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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VICTOR PACHECO
VICTOR PACHECO
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California: Ecology Program, Department of Biological Science and Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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EDUARDO GOTUZZO
EDUARDO GOTUZZO
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California: Ecology Program, Department of Biological Science and Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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ROBERT H. GILMAN
ROBERT H. GILMAN
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California: Ecology Program, Department of Biological Science and Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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JOSEPH M. VINETZ
JOSEPH M. VINETZ
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California: Ecology Program, Department of Biological Science and Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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The role of bats as potential sources of transmission to humans or as maintenance hosts of leptospires is poorly understood. We quantified the prevalence of leptospiral colonization in bats in the Peruvian Amazon in the vicinity of Iquitos, an area of high biologic diversity. Of 589 analyzed bats, culture (3 of 589) and molecular evidence (20 of 589) of leptospiral colonization was found in the kidneys, yielding an overall colonization rate of 3.4%. Infection rates differed with habitat and location, and among different bat species. Bayesian analysis was used to infer phylogenic relationships of leptospiral 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Tree topologies were consistent with groupings based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies. A diverse group of leptospires was found in peri-Iquitos bat populations including Leptospira interrogans (5 clones), L. kirschneri (1), L. borgpetersenii (4), L. fainei (1), and two previously undescribed leptospiral species (8). Although L. kirschenri and L. interrogans have been previously isolated from bats, this report is the first to describe L. borgpetersenii and L. fainei infection of bats. A wild animal reservoir of L. fainei has not been previously described. The detection in bats of the L. interrogans serovar Icterohemorrhagiae, a leptospire typically maintained by peridomestic rats, suggests a rodent-bat infection cycle. Bats in Iquitos maintain a genetically diverse group of leptospires. These results provide a solid basis for pursuing molecular epidemiologic studies of bat-associated Leptospira, a potentially new epidemiologic reservoir of transmission of leptospirosis to humans.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14 :296–326.
-
2
Turner LH, 1967. Leptospirosis. I. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 61 :842–855.
-
3
Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM, 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :757–771.
-
4
Paz-Soldan SV, Dianderas MT, Windsor RS, 1991. Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola: a causal agent of sow abortions in Arequipa, Peru. Trop Anim Health Prod 23 :233–240.
-
5
Liceras de Hidalgo J, Hidalgo R, Flores M, 1981. Leptospirosis in Tingo Maria, Department of Huanuco, Peru. I. Study on man and domestic animals. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 90 :430–438.
-
6
Liceras de Hidalgo J, Hidalgo R, Aznaran G, 1971. Leptospirosis in animals slaughtered in Chimbote, Peru. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 70 :429–435.
-
7
Liceras de Hidalgo J, Hidalgo R, 1970. Leptopirosis in cattle and slaughtermen of Tumbes, Peru. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 68 :297–306.
-
8
Ochoa JE, Sanchez A, Ruiz I, 2000. Epidemiology of leptospirosis in a livestock production area of the Andes. Rev Panam Salud Publica 7 :325–331.
-
9
Bunnell JE, Hice CL, Watts DM, Montrueil V, Tesh RB, Vinetz JM, 2000. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :255–258.
-
10
Kunz TH, 1982. Roosting ecology of bats. Kunz TH, ed. The Ecology of Bats. New York: Plenum Press, 1–55.
-
11
Liceras de Hidalgo J, 1981. Leptospirosis in Tingo Maria, Huanuco Department, Peru. II. Study in wild animals. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 91 :47–55.
-
12
Hartskeerl RA, Terpstra WJ, 1996. Leptospirosis in wild animals. Vet Q 18 (Suppl 3):S149–S150.
-
13
Smythe LD, Field HE, Barnett LJ, Smith CS, Dohnt MF, Symonds ML, Moore MR, Rolfe PF, 2002. Leptospiral antibodies in flying foxes in Australia. J Wildl Dis 38 :182–186.
-
14
Sebek Z, Sixl W, Reinthaler F, Valova M, Schneeweiss W, Stunzner D, Mascher F, 1989. Results of serological examination for leptospirosis of domestic and wild animals in the Upper Nile province (Sudan). J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 33 :337–345.
-
15
Hice CL, Velazco R, Willig MR, 2004. Bats of the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana, northeaastern Peru, with notes on community structure. Acta Chiropterologica :319–334.
-
16
Brenner DJ, Kaufmann AF, Sulzer KR, Steigerwalt AG, Rogers FC, Weyant RS, 1999. Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp. nov. and four new Leptospira genomospecies. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 :839–858.
-
17
Hookey JV, Bryden J, Gatehouse L, 1993. The use of 16S rDNA sequence analysis to investigate the phylogeny of Leptospiraceae and related spirochaetes. J Gen Microbiol 139 :2585–2590.
-
18
Postic D, Riquelme-Sertour N, Merien F, Perolat P, Baranton G, 2000. Interest of partial 16S rDNA gene sequences to resolve heterogeneities between Leptospira collections: application to L. meyeri. Res Microbiol 151 :333–341.
-
19
Andleman SJ, Willig MR, 2003. Present patterns and future prospects for biodiversity in the Western Hemisphere. Ecol Lett :1–7.
-
20
Pacheco V, de Macedo H, Vivar E, Ascorra CF, Arana-Cardo R, Solari S, 1995. Lista Anotada de los Mamiferos Peruanos. Conservation International: 1–35.
-
21
Collares-Pereira M, Korver H, Cao Thi BV, Santos-Reis M, Bellenger E, Baranton G, Terpstra WJ, 2000. Analysis of Leptospira isolates from mainland Portugal and the Azores islands. FEMS Microbiol Lett 185 :181–187.
-
22
Gravekamp C, van de Kemp H, Franzen M, Carrington D, Schoone GJ, van Eys GJ, Everard CO, Hartskeerl RA, Terpstra WJ, 1993. Detection of seven species of pathogenic leptospires by PCR using two sets of primers. J Gen Microbiol 139 :1691–1700.
-
23
Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ, 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol 173 :697–703.
-
24
Smythe LD, Smith IL, Smith GA, Dohnt MF, Symonds ML, Barnett LJ, McKay DB, 2002. A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp. BMC Infect Dis 2 :13.
-
25
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14 :817–818.
-
26
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F, 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17 :754–755.
-
27
Rodriguez F, Oliver JL, Marin A, Medina JR, 1990. The general stochastic model of nucleotide substitution. J Theor Biol 142 :485–501.
-
28
Miller RE, McDonald JA, Manos PS, 2004. Systematics of Ipomoea subgenus Quamoclit (Convolvulaceae) based on ITS sequence data and a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Am J Botany 91 :1208–1218.
-
29
Huelsenbeck JP, Larget B, Miller RE, Ronquist F, 2002. Potential applications and pitfalls of Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Syst Biol 51 :673–688.
-
30
Segura ER, Ganoza CA, Campos K, Ricaldi JN, Torres S, Silva H, Cespedes MJ, Matthias MA, Swancutt MA, Lopez Linan R, Gotuzzo E, Guerra H, Gilman RH, Vinetz JM, 2005. Clinical spectrum of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis in a region of endemicity, with quantification of leptospiral burden. Clin Infect Dis 40 :343–351.
-
31
Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA, Pilgrim J, Gascon C, Fonseca G, Cardoso da Silva JM, Mittermeier CG, Brooks T, Rodríguez JV, Singh J, Udenhout W, Famolare L, Waldron N, Malone S, Inchausty VH, Ponce del Prado C, Roca R, Cavalcanti R, Arjona F, López F, Hutchinson C, van Roosmalen MGM, Ayres JM, Forsyth A, Bowles I, Kormos C, Mekler A, Waller R, 2002. Amazonia. Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Robles Gil P, Pilgrim J, da Foseca GAB, Brooks T, Konstant WR, eds. Wilderness, Earth’s Last Wild Places. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX, Washington, DC: Conservation International, and Mexico City: Agrupación Sierra Madre, 56–107.
-
32
FAO, 2003. Agricultura de Conservación, Uniendo Producción con Sostenibilidad. Available from http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agse/agse_s/General/OBJECT.htm.
-
33
Gorresen PM, Willig MR, 2004. Population and community-level responses of phyllostomid bats to landscape structure: the importance of scale. J Mammal 85 :688–697.
-
34
Willig MR, Bloch CP, Hice CL, Presley SJ, Yanoviac SY, Diaz MM, Arias L, Pacheco V, 2005. Bats of lowland Amazonian forest: effects of anthropogenic alteration of habitat. J Mammal: (in press).
-
35
Smith CEG, Turner LH, Broom JC, 1961. Animal leptospirosis in Malaya. WHO Chron 15 :343–345.
-
36
Shimizu MM, 1984. Environmental and biological determinants for the prevalence of leptospirosis among wild small mammal hosts, island of Hawaii. Int J Zoonoses 11 :173–188.
-
37
Collares-Pereira M, Korver H, Terpstra WJ, Santos-Reis M, Ramalhinho MG, Mathias ML, Oom MM, Fons R, Libois R, Petrucci-Fonseca F, 1997. First epidemiological data on pathogenic leptospires isolated on the Azorean islands. Eur J Epidemiol 13 :435–441.
-
38
Cloutier D, Thomas DW, 1999. Carollia perspicillata. Mammal Species :1–9.
-
39
Fleming TH, 1988. The Short-Tailed Fruit Bat: A Study of Plant-Animal Interactions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-
40
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