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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Chan M-S, 1997. The global burden of intestinal nematode infections—fifty years on. Parasitol Today 13 :438–443.
-
2
United Nations Joint Report on HIV/AIDS, 2002. Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS.
-
3
US Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2002. Global Population Profile. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
-
4
Bentwich Z, Maartens G, Torten D, Lal AA, Lal RB, 2000. Concurrent infections and HIV pathogenesis. AIDS 14 :2071–2081.
-
5
Bentwich Z, 2000. Good worms or bad worms: do worm infections affect the epidemiological patterns of other diseases? Parasitol Today 16 :312.
-
6
Feitosa G, Bandeira AC, Sampaio DP, Badaro R, Brites C, 2001. High prevalence of giardiasis and stronglyloidiasis among HIV-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 5 :339–344.
-
7
Fontanet AL, Sahlu T, Rinke de Wit T, Messele T, Masho W, Woldemichael T, Yeneneh H, Coutinho RA, 2000. Epidemiology of infections with intestinal parasites and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among sugar-estate residents in Ethiopia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :269–278.
-
8
Stringer EM, Sinkala M, Kumwenda R, Chapman V, Mwale A, Vermund SH, Goldenberg RL, Stringer JS, 2004. Personal risk perception, HIV knowledge and risk avoidance behavior, and their relationships to actual HIV serostatus in an urban African obstetric population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35 :60–66.
-
9
Central Board of Health of Zambia, 2003. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001–2002. Calverton, MD: Central Board of Health, Central Statistical Office. Available from http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR136/00FrontMatter.pdf (accessed on January 30, 2005).
-
10
Kelly P, Baboo KS, Wolff M, Ngwenya B, Luo N, Farthing MJ, 1996. The prevalence and aetiology of persistent diarrhoea in adults in urban Zambia. Acta Trop 61 :183–190.
-
11
Mungomba LM, Michelson EH, 1995. Urban schistosomiasis in Lusaka, Zambia: a preliminary study. J Trop Med Hyg 98 :199–203.
-
12
McKenna SL, Muyinda GK, Roth D, Mwali M, Ng’andu N, Myrick A, Luo C, Priddy FH, Hall VM, von Lieven AA, Sabatino JR, Mark K, Allen SA, 1997. Rapid HIV testing and counseling for voluntary testing centers in Africa. AIDS 11 :S103–S110.
-
13
Lifson AR, Allen S, Wolf W, Serufilira A, Kantarama G, Lindan CP, Hudes ES, Nsengumuremyi F, Taelman H, Batungwanayo J, 1995. Classification of HIV-infection and disease in women from Rwanda. Evaluation of the World Health Organization HIV staging system and recommended modifications. Ann Intern Med 122 :262–270.
-
14
Melvin MD, 1982. Laboratory Procedures for the Diagnosing of Intestinal Parasites. Third edition. Volume Human Health Services Publication Number (CDC) 80-82. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control.
-
15
World Health Organization, 1991. Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Pathology. First edition. London: World Health Organization.
-
16
World Health Organization, 1994. Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. London: World Health Organization.
-
17
Hosmer D, Lemeshow S, 2000. Applied Logistic Regression. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics Second edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
-
18
World Health Organization Expert Committee, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 912 :1–57.
-
19
Tarimo DS, Killewo JZ, Minjas JN, Msamanga GI, 1996. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in adult patients with enteropathic AIDS in north-eastern Tanzania. East Afr Med J 73 :397–399.
-
20
Mohandas , Sehgal R, Sud A, Malla N, 2002. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic pathogens in HIV-seropositive individuals in Northern India. Jpn J Infect Dis 55 :83–84.
-
21
Lindo JF, Dubon JM, Ager AL, de Gourville EM, Solo-Gabriele H, Klaskala WI, Baum MK, Palmer CJ, 1998. Intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative individuals in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :431–435.
-
22
Cimerman S, Cimerman B, Lewi DS, 1999. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 3 :203–206.
-
23
Brooker S, Singhasivanon P, Waikagul J, Supavej S, Kojima S, Takeuchi T, Luong TV, Looareesuwan S, 2003. Mapping soil-transmitted helminths in southeast Asia and implications for parasite control. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34 :24–36.
-
24
Criscione CD, Blouin MS, 2004. Life cycles shape parasite evolution: comparative population genetics of salmon trematodes. Int J Org Evolution 58 :198–202.
-
25
Hailemariam G, Kassu A, Abebe G, Abate E, Damte D, Mekonnen E, Ota F, 2004. Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS and HIV seronegative individuals in a teaching hospital, Ethiopia. Jpn J Infect Dis 57 :41–43.
-
26
Siddiqui AA, Berk SL, 2001. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Infect Dis 33 :1040–1047.
-
27
Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States, 1982. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 31 :507–508, 513–514.
-
28
Gotuzzo E, Terashima A, Alvarez H, Tello R, Infante R, Watts DM, Freedman DO, 1999. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection associated with human T cell lymphotropic virus type-1 infection in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :146–149.
-
29
Brink AK, Mahe C, Watera C, Lugada E, Gilks C, Whitworth J, French N, 2002. Diarrhea, CD4 counts and enteric infections in a community-based cohort of HIV-infected adults in Uganda. J Infect 45 :99–106.
-
30
Desowitz RS, 1980. Ova and Parasites: Medical Parasitology for the Laboratory Technologist. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers.
-
31
Northrop-Clewes CA, Shaw C, 2000. Parasites. Br Med Bull 56 :193–208.
-
32
Pezzani BC, Minvielle MC, De Luca MM, Radman N, Iacoy P, Basualdo Farjat JA, 1996. Intestinal parasite infections in a periurban community from the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bol Chil Parasitol 51 :42–45.
-
33
Enk MJ, Amorim A, Schall VT, 2003. Acute schistosomiasis outbreak in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais: alert about the risk of unnoticed transmission increased by growing rural tourism. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :745–750.
-
34
Olsen A, Samuelsen H, Onyango-Ouma W, 2001. A study of risk factors for intestinal helminth infections using epidemiological and anthropological approaches. J Biosoc Sci 33 :569–584.
-
35
Tshikuka JG, Scott ME, Gray-Donald K, 1995. Ascaris lumbricoides infection and environmental risk factors in an urban African setting. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :505–514.
-
36
Gopinath R, Ostrowski M, Justement SJ, Fauci AS, Nutman TB, 2000. Filarial infections increase susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. J Infect Dis 182 :1804–1808.
-
37
Galai N, Kalinkovich A, Burstein R, Vlahov D, Bentwich Z, 1997. African HIV-1 subtype C and rate of progression among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. Lancet 349 :180–181.
-
38
Wolday D, Mayaan S, Mariam ZG, Berhe N, Seboxa T, Britton S, Galai N, Landay A, Bentwich Z, 2002. Treatment of intestinal worms is associated with decreased HIV plasma viral load. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31 :56–62.
-
39
Elliott AM, Mawa PA, Joseph S, Namujju PB, Kizza M, Nakiyingi JS, Watera C, Dunne DW, Whitworth JA, 2003. Associations between helminth infection and CD4+ T cell count, viral load and cytokine responses in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :103–108.
-
40
Brown M, Kizza M, Watera C, Quigley MA, Rowland S, Hughes P, Whitworth JA, Elliott AM, 2004. Helminth infection Is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda. J Infect Dis 190 :1869–1879.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 366 | 316 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 250 | 10 | 0 |
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PREVALENCE AND PREDICTORS OF INTESTINAL HELMINTH INFECTIONS AMONG HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1–INFECTED ADULTS IN AN URBAN AFRICAN SETTING
KAYVON MODJARRAD
KAYVON MODJARRAD
Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
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ISAAC ZULU
ISAAC ZULU
Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
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DAVID T. REDDEN
DAVID T. REDDEN
Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
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LUNGOWE NJOBVU
LUNGOWE NJOBVU
Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
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DAVID O. FREEDMAN
DAVID O. FREEDMAN
Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
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STEN H. VERMUND
STEN H. VERMUND
Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
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Sub-Saharan Africa is disproportionately burdened by intestinal helminth and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. Recent evidence suggests detrimental immunologic effects from concomitant infection with the two pathogens. Few studies, however, have assessed the prevalence of and predictors for intestinal helminth infection among HIV-1–infected adults in urban African settings where HIV infection rates are highest. We collected and analyzed sociodemographic and parasitologic data from 297 HIV-1–infected adults (mean age = 31.1 years, 69% female) living in Lusaka, Zambia to assess the prevalence and associated predictors of helminth infection. We found at least one type of intestinal helminth in 24.9% of HIV-infected adults. Thirty-nine (52.7%) were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, and 29 (39.2%) were infected with hookworm. More than 80% were light-intensity infections. A recent visit to a rural area, food shortage, and prior history of helminth infection were significant predictors of current helminth status. The high helminth prevalence and potential for adverse interactions between helminths and HIV suggests that helminth diagnosis and treatment should be part of routine HIV care.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Chan M-S, 1997. The global burden of intestinal nematode infections—fifty years on. Parasitol Today 13 :438–443.
-
2
United Nations Joint Report on HIV/AIDS, 2002. Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS.
-
3
US Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2002. Global Population Profile. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
-
4
Bentwich Z, Maartens G, Torten D, Lal AA, Lal RB, 2000. Concurrent infections and HIV pathogenesis. AIDS 14 :2071–2081.
-
5
Bentwich Z, 2000. Good worms or bad worms: do worm infections affect the epidemiological patterns of other diseases? Parasitol Today 16 :312.
-
6
Feitosa G, Bandeira AC, Sampaio DP, Badaro R, Brites C, 2001. High prevalence of giardiasis and stronglyloidiasis among HIV-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 5 :339–344.
-
7
Fontanet AL, Sahlu T, Rinke de Wit T, Messele T, Masho W, Woldemichael T, Yeneneh H, Coutinho RA, 2000. Epidemiology of infections with intestinal parasites and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among sugar-estate residents in Ethiopia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :269–278.
-
8
Stringer EM, Sinkala M, Kumwenda R, Chapman V, Mwale A, Vermund SH, Goldenberg RL, Stringer JS, 2004. Personal risk perception, HIV knowledge and risk avoidance behavior, and their relationships to actual HIV serostatus in an urban African obstetric population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35 :60–66.
-
9
Central Board of Health of Zambia, 2003. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001–2002. Calverton, MD: Central Board of Health, Central Statistical Office. Available from http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR136/00FrontMatter.pdf (accessed on January 30, 2005).
-
10
Kelly P, Baboo KS, Wolff M, Ngwenya B, Luo N, Farthing MJ, 1996. The prevalence and aetiology of persistent diarrhoea in adults in urban Zambia. Acta Trop 61 :183–190.
-
11
Mungomba LM, Michelson EH, 1995. Urban schistosomiasis in Lusaka, Zambia: a preliminary study. J Trop Med Hyg 98 :199–203.
-
12
McKenna SL, Muyinda GK, Roth D, Mwali M, Ng’andu N, Myrick A, Luo C, Priddy FH, Hall VM, von Lieven AA, Sabatino JR, Mark K, Allen SA, 1997. Rapid HIV testing and counseling for voluntary testing centers in Africa. AIDS 11 :S103–S110.
-
13
Lifson AR, Allen S, Wolf W, Serufilira A, Kantarama G, Lindan CP, Hudes ES, Nsengumuremyi F, Taelman H, Batungwanayo J, 1995. Classification of HIV-infection and disease in women from Rwanda. Evaluation of the World Health Organization HIV staging system and recommended modifications. Ann Intern Med 122 :262–270.
-
14
Melvin MD, 1982. Laboratory Procedures for the Diagnosing of Intestinal Parasites. Third edition. Volume Human Health Services Publication Number (CDC) 80-82. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control.
-
15
World Health Organization, 1991. Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Pathology. First edition. London: World Health Organization.
-
16
World Health Organization, 1994. Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. London: World Health Organization.
-
17
Hosmer D, Lemeshow S, 2000. Applied Logistic Regression. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics Second edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
-
18
World Health Organization Expert Committee, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 912 :1–57.
-
19
Tarimo DS, Killewo JZ, Minjas JN, Msamanga GI, 1996. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in adult patients with enteropathic AIDS in north-eastern Tanzania. East Afr Med J 73 :397–399.
-
20
Mohandas , Sehgal R, Sud A, Malla N, 2002. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic pathogens in HIV-seropositive individuals in Northern India. Jpn J Infect Dis 55 :83–84.
-
21
Lindo JF, Dubon JM, Ager AL, de Gourville EM, Solo-Gabriele H, Klaskala WI, Baum MK, Palmer CJ, 1998. Intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative individuals in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :431–435.
-
22
Cimerman S, Cimerman B, Lewi DS, 1999. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 3 :203–206.
-
23
Brooker S, Singhasivanon P, Waikagul J, Supavej S, Kojima S, Takeuchi T, Luong TV, Looareesuwan S, 2003. Mapping soil-transmitted helminths in southeast Asia and implications for parasite control. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34 :24–36.
-
24
Criscione CD, Blouin MS, 2004. Life cycles shape parasite evolution: comparative population genetics of salmon trematodes. Int J Org Evolution 58 :198–202.
-
25
Hailemariam G, Kassu A, Abebe G, Abate E, Damte D, Mekonnen E, Ota F, 2004. Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS and HIV seronegative individuals in a teaching hospital, Ethiopia. Jpn J Infect Dis 57 :41–43.
-
26
Siddiqui AA, Berk SL, 2001. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Infect Dis 33 :1040–1047.
-
27
Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States, 1982. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 31 :507–508, 513–514.
-
28
Gotuzzo E, Terashima A, Alvarez H, Tello R, Infante R, Watts DM, Freedman DO, 1999. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection associated with human T cell lymphotropic virus type-1 infection in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :146–149.
-
29
Brink AK, Mahe C, Watera C, Lugada E, Gilks C, Whitworth J, French N, 2002. Diarrhea, CD4 counts and enteric infections in a community-based cohort of HIV-infected adults in Uganda. J Infect 45 :99–106.
-
30
Desowitz RS, 1980. Ova and Parasites: Medical Parasitology for the Laboratory Technologist. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers.
-
31
Northrop-Clewes CA, Shaw C, 2000. Parasites. Br Med Bull 56 :193–208.
-
32
Pezzani BC, Minvielle MC, De Luca MM, Radman N, Iacoy P, Basualdo Farjat JA, 1996. Intestinal parasite infections in a periurban community from the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bol Chil Parasitol 51 :42–45.
-
33
Enk MJ, Amorim A, Schall VT, 2003. Acute schistosomiasis outbreak in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais: alert about the risk of unnoticed transmission increased by growing rural tourism. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :745–750.
-
34
Olsen A, Samuelsen H, Onyango-Ouma W, 2001. A study of risk factors for intestinal helminth infections using epidemiological and anthropological approaches. J Biosoc Sci 33 :569–584.
-
35
Tshikuka JG, Scott ME, Gray-Donald K, 1995. Ascaris lumbricoides infection and environmental risk factors in an urban African setting. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :505–514.
-
36
Gopinath R, Ostrowski M, Justement SJ, Fauci AS, Nutman TB, 2000. Filarial infections increase susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. J Infect Dis 182 :1804–1808.
-
37
Galai N, Kalinkovich A, Burstein R, Vlahov D, Bentwich Z, 1997. African HIV-1 subtype C and rate of progression among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. Lancet 349 :180–181.
-
38
Wolday D, Mayaan S, Mariam ZG, Berhe N, Seboxa T, Britton S, Galai N, Landay A, Bentwich Z, 2002. Treatment of intestinal worms is associated with decreased HIV plasma viral load. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31 :56–62.
-
39
Elliott AM, Mawa PA, Joseph S, Namujju PB, Kizza M, Nakiyingi JS, Watera C, Dunne DW, Whitworth JA, 2003. Associations between helminth infection and CD4+ T cell count, viral load and cytokine responses in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :103–108.
-
40
Brown M, Kizza M, Watera C, Quigley MA, Rowland S, Hughes P, Whitworth JA, Elliott AM, 2004. Helminth infection Is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda. J Infect Dis 190 :1869–1879.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 366 | 316 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 250 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 86 | 15 | 0 |