PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ANTHROPOPHILIC PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA VECTORS IN AFRICA

JONATHON C. MARSHALL Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Yale Institute for Biospherics Studies–Molecular Systematics and Conservation Biology Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

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JEFFREY R. POWELL Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Yale Institute for Biospherics Studies–Molecular Systematics and Conservation Biology Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

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ADALGISA CACCONE Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Yale Institute for Biospherics Studies–Molecular Systematics and Conservation Biology Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

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Malaria kills more than one million people a year, and understanding the historical association between its most notorious causative agent, Plasmodium falciparum, and its mosquito vectors is important in fighting the disease. We present a phylogenetic analysis of a number of species within the mosquito subgenus Cellia based on a selection of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Although some of these relationships have been estimated in other studies, generally few species were included and/or statistical support at many nodes was low. Here we include two additional species of anthropophilic P. falciparum malaria vectors and reanalyze these relationships using a Bayesian method that allows us to simultaneously incorporate different models of evolution. We report data that indicate a paraphyletic relationship between five anthropophilic African mosquito vectors. Such a relationship suggests that these species can serve as independent natural experiments for anopheline immunologic responses to regular, prolonged contact with P. falciparum.

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