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Reference Manager
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-
1
Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14 :417–423.
-
2
Murray HW, 2002. Kala-azar – progress against a neglected disease. N Engl J Med 347 :1793–1794.
-
3
World Health Organization, 2003. World Health Report 2003. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4
Herwaldt BL, 1999. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 354 :1191–1199.
-
5
Chin J, 2000. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 624.
-
6
Government of India, 1999. Health Information of India 1997 and 1998. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
-
7
Thakur CP, 2000. Socio-economics of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :156–157.
-
8
Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, Wasunna MK, Bryceson ADM, 2002. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :494–501.
-
9
Bern C, Jha SN, Joshi AB, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :153–157.
-
10
Bern C, Hightower AW, Chowdhury R, Ali M, Amann J, Wagatsuma Y, Haque R, Kurkjian KM, Vaz LE, Begum M, Akter T, Cetre-Sossah CB, Ahluwalia IB, Dotson E, Secor WE, Breiman RF, Maguire JH, 2005. Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :655–662.
-
11
Kumar R, Kumar P, Chowdhary RK, Pai K, Mishra CP, Kumar K, Pandey HP, Singh VP, Sundar S, 1999. Kala-azar epidemic in Varanasi district, India. Bull World Health Organ 77 :371–374.
-
12
Kleinbaum DG, Klein M, 2002. Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text. New York: Springer-Verlag.
-
13
Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN, Das ML, Hightower A, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :184–188.
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14
Bucheton B, Kheir MM, El-Safi SH, Hammad A, Mergani A, Mary C, Abel L, Dessein A, 2002. The interplay between environmental and host factors during an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan. Microbes Infect 4 :1449–1457.
-
15
Sanyal RK, 1985. Leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent. Chang KP, Bray RS, eds. Leishmaniasis. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V., 443–467.
-
16
Sivagnaname N, Amalraj DD, 1997. Breeding habitats of vector sandflies and their control in India. J Commun Dis 29 :153–159.
-
17
Kesari S, Kishore K, Palit A, Kumar V, Roy MS, Sivakumar S, Kar SK, 2000. An entomological field evaluation of larval biology of sandfly in kala-azar endemic focus of Bihar–exploration of larval control tool. J Commun Dis 32 :284–288.
-
18
Dinesh DS, Ranjan A, Palit A, Kishore K, Kar SK, 2001. Seasonal and nocturnal landing/biting behavior of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :197–202.
-
19
Mugisha F, Bocar K, Dong H, Chepng’eno G, Sauerborn R, 2004. The two faces of enhancing utilization of health-care services: determinants of patient initiation and retention in rural Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ 82 :572–579.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 270 | 244 | 59 |
| Full Text Views | 282 | 4 | 0 |
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VIRGIN SOIL: THE SPREAD OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS INTO UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA
PAUL G. BARNETT
PAUL G. BARNETT
Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Community Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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S. P. SINGH
S. P. SINGH
Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Community Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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CARYN BERN
CARYN BERN
Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Community Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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ALLEN W. HIGHTOWER
ALLEN W. HIGHTOWER
Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Community Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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SHYAM SUNDAR
SHYAM SUNDAR
Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Community Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and risk factors in two villages in Uttar Pradesh, India reported to have had a recent outbreak. In 245 households with 2,203 people, we detected 3 current VL cases, 32 past cases, and 8 VL deaths since 2001 (annual incidence = 6 per 1,000). Risk factors included living in the same household as a VL case (odds ratio [OR] = 76, P < 0.0005 in one village and OR = 22, P < 0.0005 in the other village), sleeping downstairs and outside in the summer (OR = 4.7, P = 0.004), and an age ≥ 15 years old (OR = 2.9, P = 0.024). Increasing cattle density was a risk factor in one village but not the other. We were not able to determine the route by which VL entered the villages. Our data demonstrate a new spread of VL in previously unaffected areas. We recommend carefully supervised spraying with DDT, surveillance to pinpoint other affected villages, and efforts to increase availability of diagnostic and treatment facilities.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
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-
1
Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14 :417–423.
-
2
Murray HW, 2002. Kala-azar – progress against a neglected disease. N Engl J Med 347 :1793–1794.
-
3
World Health Organization, 2003. World Health Report 2003. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4
Herwaldt BL, 1999. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 354 :1191–1199.
-
5
Chin J, 2000. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 624.
-
6
Government of India, 1999. Health Information of India 1997 and 1998. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
-
7
Thakur CP, 2000. Socio-economics of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :156–157.
-
8
Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, Wasunna MK, Bryceson ADM, 2002. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :494–501.
-
9
Bern C, Jha SN, Joshi AB, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :153–157.
-
10
Bern C, Hightower AW, Chowdhury R, Ali M, Amann J, Wagatsuma Y, Haque R, Kurkjian KM, Vaz LE, Begum M, Akter T, Cetre-Sossah CB, Ahluwalia IB, Dotson E, Secor WE, Breiman RF, Maguire JH, 2005. Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :655–662.
-
11
Kumar R, Kumar P, Chowdhary RK, Pai K, Mishra CP, Kumar K, Pandey HP, Singh VP, Sundar S, 1999. Kala-azar epidemic in Varanasi district, India. Bull World Health Organ 77 :371–374.
-
12
Kleinbaum DG, Klein M, 2002. Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text. New York: Springer-Verlag.
-
13
Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN, Das ML, Hightower A, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :184–188.
-
14
Bucheton B, Kheir MM, El-Safi SH, Hammad A, Mergani A, Mary C, Abel L, Dessein A, 2002. The interplay between environmental and host factors during an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan. Microbes Infect 4 :1449–1457.
-
15
Sanyal RK, 1985. Leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent. Chang KP, Bray RS, eds. Leishmaniasis. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V., 443–467.
-
16
Sivagnaname N, Amalraj DD, 1997. Breeding habitats of vector sandflies and their control in India. J Commun Dis 29 :153–159.
-
17
Kesari S, Kishore K, Palit A, Kumar V, Roy MS, Sivakumar S, Kar SK, 2000. An entomological field evaluation of larval biology of sandfly in kala-azar endemic focus of Bihar–exploration of larval control tool. J Commun Dis 32 :284–288.
-
18
Dinesh DS, Ranjan A, Palit A, Kishore K, Kar SK, 2001. Seasonal and nocturnal landing/biting behavior of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :197–202.
-
19
Mugisha F, Bocar K, Dong H, Chepng’eno G, Sauerborn R, 2004. The two faces of enhancing utilization of health-care services: determinants of patient initiation and retention in rural Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ 82 :572–579.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 270 | 244 | 59 |
| Full Text Views | 282 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 67 | 5 | 0 |