Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Kern PJ, 2003. Technology, transformation and war: a kaleidoscope of force. Army 53 :63–66.
-
2
Davidson RS, 2000. The vision: transformation of our cold warera force. Mil Intell 26 :5–8.
-
3
McMichael WH, 2004. We are Challenging Every Assumption. Navy Times. Springfield, VA, 14–16.
-
4
Peoples GE, Jezior JR, Shriver CD, 2004. Caring for the wounded in Iraq: a photo essay. N Engl J Med 351 :2476–2480.
-
5
Gawande A, 2004. Casualties of war: military care for the wounded from Iraq and Afghanistan. N Engl J Med 351 :2471–2475.
-
6
Taylor SF, Lutz RH, Millward JA, 2001. Disease and nonbattle injury related to peacekeeping operations in South America: summary patient care statistics for CABANAS 2000. Mil Med 166 :1059–1061.
-
7
Paparello SF, Garst P, Bourgeois AL, Hyams KC, 1993. Diarrheal and respiratory disease aboard the hospital ship, USNS-Mercy T-AH 19, during Operation Desert Shield. Mil Med 158 :392–395.
-
8
Cook GC, 2001. Influence of diarrhoeal disease on military and naval campaigns. J R Soc Med 94 :95–97.
-
9
Sanchez JL Jr, Craig SC, Kohlhase K, Polyak C, Ludwig SL, Rumm PD, 2001. Health assessment of U.S. military personnel deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina for operation joint endeavor. Mil Med 166 :470–474.
-
10
Sanders JW, Putnam SD, Riddle MS, Tribble DR, Jobanputra NK, Jones JJ, Scott DA, Frenck RW, 2004. The Epidemiology of Self-Reported Diarrhea in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 50 :89–93.
-
11
2004. Update: Cutaneous leishmaniasis in U.S. military personnel – Southwest/Central Asia, 2002–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 :264–265.
-
12
2004. Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis in U.S. military personnel – Afghanistan, 2002–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 :265–268.
-
13
Schlagenhauf P, 2003. Malaria in Iraq: the pitfalls of Plasmodium vivax prophylaxis. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :460.
-
14
Oransky I, 2003. US Army looking into Iraq pneumonia cases. Lancet 362 :543.
-
15
Andrews RB, July/August 2004. Brucellosis in a Soldier Who Recently Returned from Iraq, July 2004. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. Washington, DC: Army Medical Surveillance Activity, 8.
-
16
2004. U.S. Casualty Status for Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom as of November 5, 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available from http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf and http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf.
-
17
Schreck CE, Kline DL, Chaniotis BN, Wilkinson N, McGovern TP, Weidhaas DE, 1982. Evaluation of personal protection methods against phlebotomine sand flies including vectors of leishmaniasis in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1046–1053.
-
18
Hawley-Bowland CG, 2004. Casualty Analysis: Health Policy and Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Medical Command.
-
19
Miser WF, Lillegard WA, Doukas WC, 1995. Injuries and illnesses incurred by an army ranger unit during Operation Just Cause. Mil Med 160 :373–380.
-
20
Blood CG, Jolly R, 1995. Comparisons of disease and nonbattle injury incidence across various military operations. Mil Med 160 :258–263.
-
21
Rubertone MV, Brundage JF, 2002. The Defense Medical Surveillance System and the Department of Defense serum repository: glimpses of the future of public health surveillance. Am J Public Health 92 :1900–1904.
-
22
May/June 2003. Pre- and Post-deployment Health Assessments, U.S. Armed Forces, September 2002–June 2003. Petruccelli BP, ed. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. Washington, DC: Army Medical Surveillance Activity, 9–14.
-
23
July/August 2004. Update: Pre- and Post-deployment Health Assessments, U.S. Armed Forces, September 2002–July 2004. Petruccelli BP, ed. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. Washington, DC: Army Medical Surveillance Activity, 22–27.
-
24
Blood CG, Gauker ED, 1993. The relationship between battle intensity and disease rates among Marine Corps infantry units. Mil Med 158 :340–344.
-
25
Wojcik BE, Hassell LH, Humphrey RJ, Davis JM, Oakley CJ, Stein CR, 2004. A disease and non-battle injury model based on Persian Gulf War admission rates. Am J Ind Med 45 :549–557.
-
26
Blood CG, Anderson ME, 1994. The battle for Hue: casualty and disease rates during urban warfare. Mil Med 159 :590–595.
-
27
Lim ML, Gabele SE, Wallace MR, Gray GC, Earhart KC, 2004. Upper respiratory infection surveillance on U.S. naval vessels. Mil Med 169 :25–26.
-
28
Shorr AF, Scoville SL, Cersovsky SB, Shanks GD, Ockenhouse CF, Smoak BL, Carr WW, Petruccelli BP, 2004. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia among US Military personnel deployed in or near Iraq. JAMA 292 :2997–3005.
-
29
Wasserman GM, Martin BL, Hyams KC, Merrill BR, Oaks HG, McAdoo HA, 1997. A survey of outpatient visits in a United States Army forward unit during Operation Desert Shield. Mil Med 162 :374–379.
-
30
Bray RM, Kroutil LA, Luckey JW, 1992. Worldwide Survey of Substance Abuse and Health Behaviors among Military Personnel. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.
-
31
Kilian DB, Lee AP, Lynch L, Gunzenhauser J, 2003. Estimating selected disease and nonbattle injury Echelon I and Echelon II outpatient visits of United States soldiers and Marines in an operational setting from corresponding Echelon III (hospitalizations) admissions in the same theater of operation. Mil Med 168 :293–297.
-
32
Blood CG, O’Donnell ER, 1995. A system to project injury and illness incidence during military operations. J Med Syst 19 :457–464.
-
33
Koren G, Matsui D, Bailey B, 2003. DEET-based insect repellents: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women. CMAJ 169 :209–212.
-
34
Landrigan PJ, 1997. Illness in Gulf War veterans. Causes and consequence. JAMA 277 :259–261.
-
36
Sudakin DL, Trevathan BS, 2003. DEET: a review and update of safety and risk in the general population. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41 :831–839.
-
38
Frances SP, Auliff AM, Edstein MD, Cooper RD, 2003. Survey of personal protection measures against mosquitoes among Australian defense force personnel deployed to East Timor. Mil Med 168 :227–230.
-
39
Young GD, Evans S, 1998. Safety and efficacy of DEET and permethrin in the prevention of arthropod attack. Mil Med 163 :324–330.
-
40
Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL, 2004. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med 351 :13–22.
-
41
Friedman MJ, 2005. Veterans’ mental health in the wake of war. N Engl J Med 352 :1287–1290.
-
42
Kang HK, Hyams KC, 2005. Mental health care needs among recent war veterans. N Engl J Med 352 :1289.
-
43
Brown FJ, 2002. Transformation under attack. Mil Rev 82 :9–15.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 71 | 71 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 425 | 74 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 227 | 37 | 1 |
IMPACT OF ILLNESS AND NON-COMBAT INJURY DURING OPERATIONS IRAQI FREEDOM AND ENDURING FREEDOM (AFGHANISTAN)
JOHN W. SANDERS
JOHN W. SANDERS
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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SHANNON D. PUTNAM
SHANNON D. PUTNAM
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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CARLA FRANKART
CARLA FRANKART
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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ROBERT W. FRENCK
ROBERT W. FRENCK
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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MARSHALL R. MONTEVILLE
MARSHALL R. MONTEVILLE
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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MARK S. RIDDLE
MARK S. RIDDLE
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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DAVID M. ROCKABRAND
DAVID M. ROCKABRAND
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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TRUEMAN W. SHARP
TRUEMAN W. SHARP
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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DAVID R. TRIBBLE
DAVID R. TRIBBLE
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Historically, non-combat injuries and illnesses have had a significant impact on military missions. We conducted an anonymous cross-sectional survey to assess the prevalence and impact of common ailments among U.S. military personnel deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan during 2003–2004. Among 15,459 persons surveyed, diarrhea (76.8% in Iraq and 54.4% in Afghanistan), respiratory illness (69.1%), non-combat injuries (34.7%), and leishmaniasis (2.1%) were commonly reported. For all causes, 25.2% reported that they required intravenous fluids, 10.4% required hospitalization, and 5.2% required medical evacuation. Among ground units, 12.7% reported that they missed a patrol because of illness, and among air units, 11.7% were grounded because of illness. The incidence of diarrhea and respiratory infections doubled from the pre-combat to combat phases, and the perceived adverse impact of these illnesses on the unit increased significantly during the combat phase. Despite technologic advances in warfare and preventive medicine, illness and non-combat injuries have been common during operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, resulting in frequent transient decreases in operational efficiency.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Kern PJ, 2003. Technology, transformation and war: a kaleidoscope of force. Army 53 :63–66.
-
2
Davidson RS, 2000. The vision: transformation of our cold warera force. Mil Intell 26 :5–8.
-
3
McMichael WH, 2004. We are Challenging Every Assumption. Navy Times. Springfield, VA, 14–16.
-
4
Peoples GE, Jezior JR, Shriver CD, 2004. Caring for the wounded in Iraq: a photo essay. N Engl J Med 351 :2476–2480.
-
5
Gawande A, 2004. Casualties of war: military care for the wounded from Iraq and Afghanistan. N Engl J Med 351 :2471–2475.
-
6
Taylor SF, Lutz RH, Millward JA, 2001. Disease and nonbattle injury related to peacekeeping operations in South America: summary patient care statistics for CABANAS 2000. Mil Med 166 :1059–1061.
-
7
Paparello SF, Garst P, Bourgeois AL, Hyams KC, 1993. Diarrheal and respiratory disease aboard the hospital ship, USNS-Mercy T-AH 19, during Operation Desert Shield. Mil Med 158 :392–395.
-
8
Cook GC, 2001. Influence of diarrhoeal disease on military and naval campaigns. J R Soc Med 94 :95–97.
-
9
Sanchez JL Jr, Craig SC, Kohlhase K, Polyak C, Ludwig SL, Rumm PD, 2001. Health assessment of U.S. military personnel deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina for operation joint endeavor. Mil Med 166 :470–474.
-
10
Sanders JW, Putnam SD, Riddle MS, Tribble DR, Jobanputra NK, Jones JJ, Scott DA, Frenck RW, 2004. The Epidemiology of Self-Reported Diarrhea in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 50 :89–93.
-
11
2004. Update: Cutaneous leishmaniasis in U.S. military personnel – Southwest/Central Asia, 2002–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 :264–265.
-
12
2004. Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis in U.S. military personnel – Afghanistan, 2002–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 :265–268.
-
13
Schlagenhauf P, 2003. Malaria in Iraq: the pitfalls of Plasmodium vivax prophylaxis. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :460.
-
14
Oransky I, 2003. US Army looking into Iraq pneumonia cases. Lancet 362 :543.
-
15
Andrews RB, July/August 2004. Brucellosis in a Soldier Who Recently Returned from Iraq, July 2004. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. Washington, DC: Army Medical Surveillance Activity, 8.
-
16
2004. U.S. Casualty Status for Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom as of November 5, 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Available from http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf and http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf.
-
17
Schreck CE, Kline DL, Chaniotis BN, Wilkinson N, McGovern TP, Weidhaas DE, 1982. Evaluation of personal protection methods against phlebotomine sand flies including vectors of leishmaniasis in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1046–1053.
-
18
Hawley-Bowland CG, 2004. Casualty Analysis: Health Policy and Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Medical Command.
-
19
Miser WF, Lillegard WA, Doukas WC, 1995. Injuries and illnesses incurred by an army ranger unit during Operation Just Cause. Mil Med 160 :373–380.
-
20
Blood CG, Jolly R, 1995. Comparisons of disease and nonbattle injury incidence across various military operations. Mil Med 160 :258–263.
-
21
Rubertone MV, Brundage JF, 2002. The Defense Medical Surveillance System and the Department of Defense serum repository: glimpses of the future of public health surveillance. Am J Public Health 92 :1900–1904.
-
22
May/June 2003. Pre- and Post-deployment Health Assessments, U.S. Armed Forces, September 2002–June 2003. Petruccelli BP, ed. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. Washington, DC: Army Medical Surveillance Activity, 9–14.
-
23
July/August 2004. Update: Pre- and Post-deployment Health Assessments, U.S. Armed Forces, September 2002–July 2004. Petruccelli BP, ed. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. Washington, DC: Army Medical Surveillance Activity, 22–27.
-
24
Blood CG, Gauker ED, 1993. The relationship between battle intensity and disease rates among Marine Corps infantry units. Mil Med 158 :340–344.
-
25
Wojcik BE, Hassell LH, Humphrey RJ, Davis JM, Oakley CJ, Stein CR, 2004. A disease and non-battle injury model based on Persian Gulf War admission rates. Am J Ind Med 45 :549–557.
-
26
Blood CG, Anderson ME, 1994. The battle for Hue: casualty and disease rates during urban warfare. Mil Med 159 :590–595.
-
27
Lim ML, Gabele SE, Wallace MR, Gray GC, Earhart KC, 2004. Upper respiratory infection surveillance on U.S. naval vessels. Mil Med 169 :25–26.
-
28
Shorr AF, Scoville SL, Cersovsky SB, Shanks GD, Ockenhouse CF, Smoak BL, Carr WW, Petruccelli BP, 2004. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia among US Military personnel deployed in or near Iraq. JAMA 292 :2997–3005.
-
29
Wasserman GM, Martin BL, Hyams KC, Merrill BR, Oaks HG, McAdoo HA, 1997. A survey of outpatient visits in a United States Army forward unit during Operation Desert Shield. Mil Med 162 :374–379.
-
30
Bray RM, Kroutil LA, Luckey JW, 1992. Worldwide Survey of Substance Abuse and Health Behaviors among Military Personnel. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.
-
31
Kilian DB, Lee AP, Lynch L, Gunzenhauser J, 2003. Estimating selected disease and nonbattle injury Echelon I and Echelon II outpatient visits of United States soldiers and Marines in an operational setting from corresponding Echelon III (hospitalizations) admissions in the same theater of operation. Mil Med 168 :293–297.
-
32
Blood CG, O’Donnell ER, 1995. A system to project injury and illness incidence during military operations. J Med Syst 19 :457–464.
-
33
Koren G, Matsui D, Bailey B, 2003. DEET-based insect repellents: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women. CMAJ 169 :209–212.
-
34
Landrigan PJ, 1997. Illness in Gulf War veterans. Causes and consequence. JAMA 277 :259–261.
-
36
Sudakin DL, Trevathan BS, 2003. DEET: a review and update of safety and risk in the general population. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41 :831–839.
-
38
Frances SP, Auliff AM, Edstein MD, Cooper RD, 2003. Survey of personal protection measures against mosquitoes among Australian defense force personnel deployed to East Timor. Mil Med 168 :227–230.
-
39
Young GD, Evans S, 1998. Safety and efficacy of DEET and permethrin in the prevention of arthropod attack. Mil Med 163 :324–330.
-
40
Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL, 2004. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med 351 :13–22.
-
41
Friedman MJ, 2005. Veterans’ mental health in the wake of war. N Engl J Med 352 :1287–1290.
-
42
Kang HK, Hyams KC, 2005. Mental health care needs among recent war veterans. N Engl J Med 352 :1289.
-
43
Brown FJ, 2002. Transformation under attack. Mil Rev 82 :9–15.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 71 | 71 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 425 | 74 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 227 | 37 | 1 |