PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFICACY OF A RECOMBINANT MULTISTAGE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM VACCINE IN AOTUS NANCYMAI MONKEYS

WILLIAM E. COLLINS Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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G. GALE GALLAND Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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JOHN W. BARNWELL Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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VENKATACHALAM UDHAYAKUMAR Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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JOANN S. SULLIVAN Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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DOUGLAS NACE Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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JON ERIC TONGREN Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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TYRONE WILLIAMS Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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JACQUELIN ROBERTS Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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YA PING SHI Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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ALTAF A. LAL Division of Parasitic Diseases and Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

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A vaccine trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of a multicomponent candidate vaccine, FALVAC-1, against Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus nancymai monkeys. After two immunizations, animals were challenged intravenously with parasites of the Vietnam Oak Knoll (FVO) strain of P. falciparum. The primary outcome was to determine the protective response of the monkeys to immunization with the FALVAC-1 antigen produced in baculovirus when combined with different adjuvants (alum, QS-21, ASO2a, CRL1005/oil, and CRL1005/saline) as compared with FALVAC-1 with FCA/FIA and antigen alone. When compared with the monkeys immunized with FALVAC-1 alone, FALVAC-1 with FCA/FIA reduced the mean parasite count (to Day 11), reduced the mean accumulated parasitemia (through Day 11), and extended the number of days to treatment. None of the other 5 antigen-adjuvant combinations were able to provide discernable levels of protection based on log(parasitemia) and log(cumulative parasitemia) to Day 11.

Author Notes

Reprint requests: William E. Collins, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Mail Stop F-12, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341.
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  • 5

    Collins WE, Skinner JC, Richardson BB, Stanfill PS, Contacos PG, 1974. Studies on human malaria in Aotus monkeys. V. Blood-induced infections with Plasmodium vivax. J Parasitol 60 :393–398.

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  • 6

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  • 7

    Collins WE, Warren MW, Skinner JC, Richardson BB, Kearse TS, 1977. Infectivity of the Santa Lucia (El Salvador) strain of Plasmodium falciparum to different anophelines. J Parasitol 63 :57–61.

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  • 8

    Collins WE, Skinner JC, Stanfill PS, Richardson BB, 1978. Studies on the Burma (Thau.) strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys. J Parasitol 64 :497–500.

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  • 9

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  • 10

    Collins WE, Warren MW, Contacos PG, Skinner JC, Richardson BB, Kearse TS, 1980. The Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax in Aotus monkeys and anopheline mosquitoes. J Parasitol 66 :488–497.

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  • 12

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  • 13

    Collins WE, Contacos PG, Skinner JC, Stanfill PS, Richardson BB, 1981. Susceptibility of Peruvian Aotus monkeys to infection with different species of Plasmodium. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :26–30.

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  • 14

    Collins WE, Nguyen-Dinh P, Skinner JC, Sutton BB, 1981. Infectivity of a strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Hainan, People’s Republic of China, to different anophelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 :538–540.

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  • 15

    Collins WE, Contacos PG, Skinner JC, Huong AY, Chin W, 1982. Studies on the Cambodian I strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aaotus monkeys. J Parasitol 68 :877–883.

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  • 16

    Collins WE, Chin W, Warren MW, Huong AY, Jeffery GM, Skinner JC, 1982. Observations on two strains of Plasmodium falciparum from Haiti in Aotus monkeys. J Parasitol 68 :657–667.

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  • 17

    Campbell CC, Collins WE, Nguyen-Dinh P, Barber A, Broderson JR, 1982. Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from in vitro culture develop to sporozoites which are infectious to primates. Science 217 :1048–1050.

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  • 18

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  • 19

    Campbell CC, Collins WE, Chin W, Roberts JM, Broderson JR, 1983. Studies on the Sal I strain of Plasmodium vivax in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J Parasitol 69 :598–601.

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  • 20

    Collins WE, Wararen MW, Skinner JC, Huong AY, Nguyen-Dinh P, 1983. Observationsions the infectivity of two strains of Plasmodium vivax from Vietnamese refugees to Aotus monkeys and anopheline mosquitoes. J Parasitol 69 :689–695.

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  • 21

    Collins WE, Skinner JC, Krotoski WA, Cogswell FB, Gwadz RW, Broderson JR, Ma NS-F, Mehaffey P, Sutton BB, 1985. Studies on the North Korean strain of Plasmodium vivax in Aotus monkeys and different anophelines. J Parasitol 71 :20–27.

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  • 22

    Collins WE, Skinner JC, Broderson JR, Huong AY, Mehaffey PC, Stanfill PS, Sutton BB, 1986. Infection of Aotus azarae boliviensis monkeys with different strains of Plasmodium falciparum. J Parasitol 72 :525–530.

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  • 23

    Campbell CC, Collins WE, Roberts JM, Armstead A, 1986. Adaptation of the Indochina I/CDC strain of Plasmodium falciparum to the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :472–475.

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  • 24

    Fajfar-Whetstone CJ, Collins WE, Ristic M, 1987. In vitro and in vivo adaptation of the Geneve/SGE-1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to growth in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36 :221–227.

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  • 25

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  • 26

    Collins WE, Skinner JC, Pappaioanou M, Ma NS-F, Broderson JR, Sutton BB, Stanfill PS, 1987. Infection of Aotus vociferans (Karyotype V) monkeys with different strains of Plasmodium vivax. J Parasitol 73 :536–540.

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  • 27

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  • 28

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  • 29

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  • 30

    Collins WE, Sattabongkot J, Wirtz RA, Skinner JC, Broderson JR, Morris CL, Richardson BB, Sullivan JS, Filipski VK, 1992. Development of the polymorphic strain of Plasmodium vivax in monkeys. J Parasitol 78 :486–491.

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  • 31

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  • 32

    Collins WE, Galland GG, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, 1994. Selection of Aotus monkey models for testing Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage vaccines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :224–232.

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  • 33

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  • 34

    Nayar JK, Baker RH, Knight JW, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Richardson BB, Galland GG, Collins WE, 1997. Studies on a primaquine-tolerant strain of Plasmodium vivax from Brazil in Aotus and Saimiri monkeys. J Parasitol 83 :739–745.

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  • 35

    Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Richardson BB, Galland GG, Jennings V, Kendall J, Collins WE, 1999. Adaptation of the AMRU-1 strain of Plasmodium vivax to Aotus and Saimiri monkeys and four species of anopheline mosquitoes. J Parasitol 85 :672–677.

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  • 36

    Collins WE, Galland GG, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, 1994. Selection of Aotus monkey models for testing Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage vaccines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :224–232.

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  • 37

    Collins WE, Galland GG, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Richardson BB, Roberts JM, 1996. The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum as a model for vaccine studies. I. Development in Aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :372–379.

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    Collins WE, Galland GG, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Richardson BB, 1996. The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum as a model for vaccine studies. II. Development of Aotus vociferans as a model for testing transmission-blocking vaccines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :380–385.

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  • 39

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  • 40

    Collins WE, Sullivan JS, Fryauff DJ, Kendall J, Jennings V, Galland GG, Morris CL, 2000. Adaptation of a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium vivax from Indonesia to New World monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :491–495.

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  • 41

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  • 43

    Collins WE, Pappaioanou M, Anders RF, Campbell GH, Brown GV, Kemp DJ, Broderson JR, Coppel RL, Skinner JC, Procell PM, Favaloro JM, Corcoran LM, Ma NS-F, Mitchel GF, Campbell CC, 1988. Immunization trials with the ring-infected surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys (Aotus vociferans). Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 :268–282.

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  • 44

    Ruebush TK II, Campbell GH, Moreno AO, Patarroyo ME, Collins WE, 1990. Immunization of owl monkeys with a combination of Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage synthetic peptide antigens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :355–366.

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  • 45

    Collins WE, Anders RF, Ruebush TK II, Kemp DJ, Woodrow GC, Campbell GH, Brown GV, Irving DO, Gross N, Filipski VK, Coppel RL, Broderson JR, Thomas LM, Pye D, Skinner JC, Wilson CL, Stanfill PS, Procell PM, 1991. Immunization of owl monkeys with ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falcparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :34–41.

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  • 46

    Sharma P, Ruebush TK II, Campbell GH, Richman SJ, Wilkins PM, Broderson JR, Ardshir M, Silverman C, Skinner JC, Filipski V, Wilson C, Roberts JM, Ma NS-F, Stanfill PS, Reese RT, Collins WE, 1992. Immunogenicity and efficacy trials in Aotus nancymai monkeys with model compounds representing parts of a 75 kDa merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :691–707.

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  • 47

    Kaslow DC, Bathurst I, Keister DB, Campbell GH, Adams S, Morris CL, Sullivan JS, Barr PJ, Collins WE, 1993. Safety, immunogenicity, and in vitro efficacy of a muramyl-tripeptide-based malaria transmission-blocking vaccine in an Aotus nancymai monkey model. Vaccine Res 2 :95–103.

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  • 48

    Berzins K, Adams S, Broderson JR, Chizzolini C, Hansson M, Lovgren K, Millet P, Morris CL, Perlmann H, Perlmann P, Sjolander A, Stahl S, Sullivan JS, Troye-Blomberg M, Collins WE, 1995. Immunogenicity in Aotus monkeys of ISCOM formulated repeat sequences from the Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stage antigen Pf155/RESA. Vaccine Res 4 :121–133.

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  • 49

    Collins WE, Walduck A, Sullivan JS, Andrews K, Stowers A, Morris CL, Jennings V, Yang C, Kendall J, Lin Q, Diggs CC, Saul A, 2000. Efficacy of vaccines containing rhoptry-associated proteins RAP 1 and RAP 2 of Plasmodium falciparum in Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :466–479.

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  • 50

    Kumar S, Collins WE, Egan A, Yadava A, Girrard O, Blackman M, Guevara Patino JA, Diggs C, Kaslow D, 2000. Immunogenicity and efficacy on Aotus monkeys of four Plasmodium falciparum vaccines in multiple adjuvant formulations based on the 19-kD C-terminus of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1). Infect Immun 68 :2215–2223.

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  • 51

    Collins WE, Nussenzweig RS, Ballou WR, Ruebush TK II, Nardon EH, Chulay JD, Majarian WR, Young JF, Wasserman GF, Bathurst I, Gibson HL, Barr PJ, Hoffman SL, Wasserman SS, Broderson JR, Skinner JC, Procell PM, Filipski VK, Wilson CL, 1989. Immunization of Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys with recombinant vaccines based on the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :455– 464.

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  • 52

    Collins WE, Nussenzweig RS, Ruebush TK II, Bathurst I, Narden EH, Gibson HL, Campbell GH, Barr PJ, Broderson JR, Skinner JC, Filipski VK, Stanfill PS, Roberts JM, Wilson CL, 1990. Further studies on the immunization of Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys with recombinant vaccines based on the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :576–583.

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  • 53

    Jones TR, Charoenvit Y, Collins WE, Sedegah M, Yuan L, Hoffman SL, 1991. Passive immunization protects against sporozoites of Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium vivax but active immunization does not: reactivity to specific discret epitopes appears crucial. Neurological Chem 10 :153–159.

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  • 54

    Collins WE, Skinner JC, Millet P, Filipski VK, Morris CL, Wilkins PM, Campbell GH, Stanfill PS, Richardson BB, Sullivan J, 1992. Reinforcement of immunity in Saimiri monkeys following immunization with irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :327–334.

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  • 55

    Yang C, Collins WE, Xiao L, Saekhou AM, Reed RC, Nelson CO, Hunter RL, Jue DL, Fang S, Wohlhueter RM, Udayakumar V, Lal AA, 1997. Induction of protective antibodies in Saimiri monkeys by immunization with a multiple antigen construct (MAC) containing the Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein repeat region and a universal T helper epitope of tetanus toxin. Vaccine 15 :377–386.

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  • 56

    Collins WE, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Galland GG, Jue DL, Fang S, Wohlhueter R, Reed RC, Yang C, Hunter RL, Lal AA, 1997. Protective immunity induced in squirrel monkeys with a multiple antigen construct (MAC) against the CS protein of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :200–210.

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  • 57

    Yang C, Collins WE, Sullivan JS, Kaslow DC, Xiao L, Galland GG, Lal AA, 1999. Partial protection against Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection in Saimiri monkeys by immunization with a recombinant C-terminus of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) in block copolymer adjuvant. Infect Immun 67 :342–349.

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  • 58

    Collins WE, Kaslow DC, Sullivan JS, Morris CL, Galland GG, Yang C, Saekhou AM, Xiao L, Lal AA, 1999. Testing the efficacy of a recombinant merozoite surface protein (MSP-119) of Plasmodium vivax in Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :350–356.

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  • 59

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