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1
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 :CD000363.
-
2
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl):121–127.
-
3
World Health Organization, 2003. Africa Malaria Report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 26–27.
-
4
Chandre F, Darriet F, Manguin S, Brengues C, Carnevale P, Guillet P, 1999. Pyrethroid cross resistance spectrum among populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. from Côte d’Ivoire. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :53–59.
-
5
Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. From efficacy to effectiveness: insecticide-treated bednets in Africa. Bull World Health Organ 74 :325–332.
-
6
D’Alessandro U, Olaleye B, Langerock P, Bennett S, Cham K, Cham B, Greenwood BM, 1997. The Gambian National Impregnated Bed Net Programme: evaluation of effectiveness by means of case-control studies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :638–642.
-
7
Rowland M, Webster J, Saleh P, Chandramohan D, Freeman T, Pearcy B, Durrani N, Rab A, Mohammed N, 2002. Prevention of malaria in Afghanistan through social marketing of insecticide-treated nets: evaluation of coverage and effectiveness by cross-sectional surveys and passive surveillance. Trop Med Int Health 7 :813–822.
-
8
Abdulla S, Schellenberg JR, Mukasa O, Lengeler C, 2002. Usefulness of a dispensary-based case-control study for assessing morbidity impact of a treated net programme. Int J Epidemiol 31 :175–180.
-
9
O’Dempsey TJ, McArdle TF, Laurence BE, Lamont AC, Todd JE, Greenwood BM, 1993. Overlap in the clinical features of pneumonia and malaria in African children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :662–665.
-
10
Manson-Bahr PEC, Bell DR, 1987. Manson’s Tropical Diseases. London: Bailliere-Tindall.
-
11
Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Lo TQ, Kamau L, Kolczak MS, Phillips-Howard PA, Mathenge EM, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, High-tower AW, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl):16–22.
-
12
Vundule C, Mharakurwa S, 1996. Knowledge, practices, and perceptions about malaria in rural communities of Zimbabwe: relevance to malaria control. Bull World Health Organ 74 :55–60.
-
13
Rojas S, Penaranda F, 1992. Strategies for malaria control in Columbia. Parasitol Today 8 :141–144.
-
14
Robert V, Macintyre K, Keating J, Trape JF, Duchemin JB, Warren M, Beier JC, 2003. Malaria transmission in urban sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :169–176.
-
15
Pate HV, Line JD, Keto AJ, Miller JE, 2002. Personal protection against mosquitoes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, by using a kerosene oil lamp to vaporize transfluthrin. Med Vet Entomol 16 :277–284.
-
16
Webster J, Chandramohan D, Freeman T, Greenwood B, Kamawal AU, Rahim F, Rowland M, 2003. A health facility based case-control study of effectiveness of insecticide treated nets: potential for selection bias due to pre-treatment with chloroquine. Trop Med Int Health 8 :196–201.
-
17
Holtz TH, Marum LH, Mkandala C, Chizani N, Roberts JM, Macheso A, Parise ME, Kachur SP, 2002. Insecticide-treated bednet use, anaemia, and malaria parasitaemia in Blantyre District, Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 7 :220–230.
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REDUCTION OF CHILDHOOD MALARIA BY SOCIAL MARKETING OF INSECTICIDE-TREATED NETS: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS IN MALAWI
DON P. MATHANGA
DON P. MATHANGA
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; CDC Malaria Malawi Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Blantyre, Malawi; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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CARL H. CAMPBELL
CARL H. CAMPBELL
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; CDC Malaria Malawi Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Blantyre, Malawi; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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TERRIE E. TAYLOR
TERRIE E. TAYLOR
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; CDC Malaria Malawi Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Blantyre, Malawi; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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ROBIN BARLOW
ROBIN BARLOW
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; CDC Malaria Malawi Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Blantyre, Malawi; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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MARK L. WILSON
MARK L. WILSON
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; CDC Malaria Malawi Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Blantyre, Malawi; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Use of an insecticide-treated net (ITN) is now the central focus for the Roll Back Malaria campaign, and disease-endemic countries have embarked on large-scale ITN distribution programs. We assessed the impact of an ITN social marketing program on clinical malaria in children less than five years of age. A case-control study was undertaken at Ndirande Health Center in the peri-urban area of the city of Blantyre, Malawi. Cases were defined by an axillary temperature ≥ 37.5°C or a history of fever within the last 48 hours and a positive blood smear for Plasmodium falciparum. The individual effectiveness of ITN use was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 10–60%) when cases were compared with clinic controls and 50% (95% CI = 0–60%) in comparison with community controls. With ITN coverage of 42%, the community effectiveness of this program was estimated to range from 17% to 21%. This represents 1,480 malaria cases averted by the intervention in a population of 15,000 children. Our results show that the benefits of ITN social marketing programs in reducing malaria are enormous. Targeting the poor could increase those benefits.
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-
1
Lengeler C, 2000. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 :CD000363.
-
2
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl):121–127.
-
3
World Health Organization, 2003. Africa Malaria Report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 26–27.
-
4
Chandre F, Darriet F, Manguin S, Brengues C, Carnevale P, Guillet P, 1999. Pyrethroid cross resistance spectrum among populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. from Côte d’Ivoire. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :53–59.
-
5
Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. From efficacy to effectiveness: insecticide-treated bednets in Africa. Bull World Health Organ 74 :325–332.
-
6
D’Alessandro U, Olaleye B, Langerock P, Bennett S, Cham K, Cham B, Greenwood BM, 1997. The Gambian National Impregnated Bed Net Programme: evaluation of effectiveness by means of case-control studies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :638–642.
-
7
Rowland M, Webster J, Saleh P, Chandramohan D, Freeman T, Pearcy B, Durrani N, Rab A, Mohammed N, 2002. Prevention of malaria in Afghanistan through social marketing of insecticide-treated nets: evaluation of coverage and effectiveness by cross-sectional surveys and passive surveillance. Trop Med Int Health 7 :813–822.
-
8
Abdulla S, Schellenberg JR, Mukasa O, Lengeler C, 2002. Usefulness of a dispensary-based case-control study for assessing morbidity impact of a treated net programme. Int J Epidemiol 31 :175–180.
-
9
O’Dempsey TJ, McArdle TF, Laurence BE, Lamont AC, Todd JE, Greenwood BM, 1993. Overlap in the clinical features of pneumonia and malaria in African children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :662–665.
-
10
Manson-Bahr PEC, Bell DR, 1987. Manson’s Tropical Diseases. London: Bailliere-Tindall.
-
11
Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Lo TQ, Kamau L, Kolczak MS, Phillips-Howard PA, Mathenge EM, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, High-tower AW, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl):16–22.
-
12
Vundule C, Mharakurwa S, 1996. Knowledge, practices, and perceptions about malaria in rural communities of Zimbabwe: relevance to malaria control. Bull World Health Organ 74 :55–60.
-
13
Rojas S, Penaranda F, 1992. Strategies for malaria control in Columbia. Parasitol Today 8 :141–144.
-
14
Robert V, Macintyre K, Keating J, Trape JF, Duchemin JB, Warren M, Beier JC, 2003. Malaria transmission in urban sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :169–176.
-
15
Pate HV, Line JD, Keto AJ, Miller JE, 2002. Personal protection against mosquitoes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, by using a kerosene oil lamp to vaporize transfluthrin. Med Vet Entomol 16 :277–284.
-
16
Webster J, Chandramohan D, Freeman T, Greenwood B, Kamawal AU, Rahim F, Rowland M, 2003. A health facility based case-control study of effectiveness of insecticide treated nets: potential for selection bias due to pre-treatment with chloroquine. Trop Med Int Health 8 :196–201.
-
17
Holtz TH, Marum LH, Mkandala C, Chizani N, Roberts JM, Macheso A, Parise ME, Kachur SP, 2002. Insecticide-treated bednet use, anaemia, and malaria parasitaemia in Blantyre District, Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 7 :220–230.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 849 | 786 | 105 |
| Full Text Views | 269 | 8 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 59 | 8 | 2 |