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1
Durrheim DN, Becker PJ, Billinghurst K, Brink A, 1997. Diagnostic disagreement: the lessons learned from malaria diagnosis in Mpumalanga. S Afr Med J 87 :609–611.
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2
Beljaev AE, Brohult JA, Sharma GK, Haque MA, Samantaray KC, 1985. Studies on the detection of malaria at primary health centres. Part I. Reliability of parasitological diagnosis by decentralized laboratories. Indian J Malariol 22 :85–103.
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3
McKenzie FE, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS, Gasser RA, Wongsrichanalai C, 2003. Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :372–376.
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4
Kilian AHD, Metzger WG, Mutschelknauss EJ, Kabagambe G, Langi P, Korte R, von Sonnenburg F, 2000. Reliability of malaria microscopy in epidemiological studies: results of quality control. Trop Med Int Health 5 :3–8.
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5
Forney JR, Magill AJ, Wongsrichanalai C, Sirichaisinthop J, Bautista CT, Heppner DG, Miller RS, Ockenhouse CF, Gubanov A, Shafer R, DeWitt CC, Quino-Ascurra HA, Kester KE, Kain KC, Walsh DS, Ballou WR, Gasser RA, 2001. Malaria rapid diagnostic devices: performance characteristics of the ParaSight F device determined in a multisite field study. J Clin Microbiol 39 :2884–2890.
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6
Forney JR, Wongsrichanalai C, Magill AJ, Craig LG, Sirichaisinthop J, Bautista CT, Miller RS, Ockenhouse CF, Kester KE, Aronson NE, Andersen EM, Quino-Ascurra HA, Vidal C, Moran KA, Murray CK, DeWitt CC, Heppner DG, Kain KC, Ballou WR, Gasser RA, 2003. Devices for rapid diagnosis of malaria: evaluation of prototype assays that detect Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and a Plasmodium vivax-specific antigen. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2358–2366.
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7
McGuinness D, Koram K, Bennett S, Wagner G, Nkrumah F, Riley E, 1998. Clinical case definitions for malaria: clinical malaria associated with very low parasite densities in African infants. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :527–531.
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8
Schellenberg J, Smith T, Alonso PL, Hayes RJ, 1994. What is clinical malaria: finding case definitions for field research in highly endemic areas. Parasitol Today 10 :439–442.
-
9
Montanari RM, Bangali AM, Talukder KR, Baqui A, Maheswary NP, Gosh A, Rahman M, Mahmood AH, 2001. Three case definitions of malaria and their effect on diagnosis, treatment and surveillance in Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 79 :648–656.
-
10
McKenzie FE, Prudhomme WA, Magill AJ, Forney JR, Lucas C, Permpanich B, Gasser RA Jr, Wongsrichanalai C, 2005. WBC counts and malaria. J InfectDis 192 : (in press).
-
11
Raghavan K, 1966. Statistical considerations in the microscopical diagnosis of malaria, with special reference to the role of cross-checking. Bull World Health Organ 34 :788–791.
-
12
Hanscheid T, Valadas E, 1999. Malaria diagnosis (letter). Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :179.
-
13
Farnert A, Snounou G, Rooth I, Bjorkman A, 1997. Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :538–547.
-
14
Delley V, Bouvier P, Breslow N, Doumbo O, Sagara I, Diakite M, Mauris A, Dolo A, Rougemont A, 2000. What does a single determination of malaria parasite density mean? A longitudinal survey in Mali. Trop Med Int Health 5 :404–412.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2162 | 2076 | 487 |
| Full Text Views | 496 | 21 | 7 |
| PDF Downloads | 85 | 10 | 2 |
SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN DETERMINING MALARIA PARASITE DENSITY BY MICROSCOPY
WENDY PRUDHOMME O’MEARA
WENDY PRUDHOMME O’MEARA
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; United States Naval Medical Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
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F. ELLIS MCKENZIE
F. ELLIS MCKENZIE
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; United States Naval Medical Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
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ALAN J. MAGILL
ALAN J. MAGILL
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; United States Naval Medical Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
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J. RUSS FORNEY
J. RUSS FORNEY
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; United States Naval Medical Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
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BARNYEN PERMPANICH
BARNYEN PERMPANICH
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; United States Naval Medical Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
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CARMEN LUCAS
CARMEN LUCAS
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; United States Naval Medical Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
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ROBERT A. GASSER JR.
ROBERT A. GASSER JR.
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; United States Naval Medical Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
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CHANSUDA WONGSRICHANALAI
CHANSUDA WONGSRICHANALAI
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; United States Naval Medical Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Enumeration of parasites by microscopic examination of blood smears is the only method available for quantifying parasitemia in infected blood. However, the sources and scale of error inherent in this technique have not been systematically investigated. Here we use data collected in outpatient clinics in Peru and Thailand to elucidate important sources of variation in parasite density measurements. We show that discrepancies between readings from two independent microscopists and multiple readings from a single microscopist are inversely related to the density of the infection. We present an example of how differences in reader technique, specifically the number of white blood cells counted, can contribute to the differences between readings. We discuss the implications of this analysis for field studies and clinical trials.
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-
1
Durrheim DN, Becker PJ, Billinghurst K, Brink A, 1997. Diagnostic disagreement: the lessons learned from malaria diagnosis in Mpumalanga. S Afr Med J 87 :609–611.
-
2
Beljaev AE, Brohult JA, Sharma GK, Haque MA, Samantaray KC, 1985. Studies on the detection of malaria at primary health centres. Part I. Reliability of parasitological diagnosis by decentralized laboratories. Indian J Malariol 22 :85–103.
-
3
McKenzie FE, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS, Gasser RA, Wongsrichanalai C, 2003. Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :372–376.
-
4
Kilian AHD, Metzger WG, Mutschelknauss EJ, Kabagambe G, Langi P, Korte R, von Sonnenburg F, 2000. Reliability of malaria microscopy in epidemiological studies: results of quality control. Trop Med Int Health 5 :3–8.
-
5
Forney JR, Magill AJ, Wongsrichanalai C, Sirichaisinthop J, Bautista CT, Heppner DG, Miller RS, Ockenhouse CF, Gubanov A, Shafer R, DeWitt CC, Quino-Ascurra HA, Kester KE, Kain KC, Walsh DS, Ballou WR, Gasser RA, 2001. Malaria rapid diagnostic devices: performance characteristics of the ParaSight F device determined in a multisite field study. J Clin Microbiol 39 :2884–2890.
-
6
Forney JR, Wongsrichanalai C, Magill AJ, Craig LG, Sirichaisinthop J, Bautista CT, Miller RS, Ockenhouse CF, Kester KE, Aronson NE, Andersen EM, Quino-Ascurra HA, Vidal C, Moran KA, Murray CK, DeWitt CC, Heppner DG, Kain KC, Ballou WR, Gasser RA, 2003. Devices for rapid diagnosis of malaria: evaluation of prototype assays that detect Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and a Plasmodium vivax-specific antigen. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2358–2366.
-
7
McGuinness D, Koram K, Bennett S, Wagner G, Nkrumah F, Riley E, 1998. Clinical case definitions for malaria: clinical malaria associated with very low parasite densities in African infants. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :527–531.
-
8
Schellenberg J, Smith T, Alonso PL, Hayes RJ, 1994. What is clinical malaria: finding case definitions for field research in highly endemic areas. Parasitol Today 10 :439–442.
-
9
Montanari RM, Bangali AM, Talukder KR, Baqui A, Maheswary NP, Gosh A, Rahman M, Mahmood AH, 2001. Three case definitions of malaria and their effect on diagnosis, treatment and surveillance in Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 79 :648–656.
-
10
McKenzie FE, Prudhomme WA, Magill AJ, Forney JR, Lucas C, Permpanich B, Gasser RA Jr, Wongsrichanalai C, 2005. WBC counts and malaria. J InfectDis 192 : (in press).
-
11
Raghavan K, 1966. Statistical considerations in the microscopical diagnosis of malaria, with special reference to the role of cross-checking. Bull World Health Organ 34 :788–791.
-
12
Hanscheid T, Valadas E, 1999. Malaria diagnosis (letter). Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :179.
-
13
Farnert A, Snounou G, Rooth I, Bjorkman A, 1997. Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :538–547.
-
14
Delley V, Bouvier P, Breslow N, Doumbo O, Sagara I, Diakite M, Mauris A, Dolo A, Rougemont A, 2000. What does a single determination of malaria parasite density mean? A longitudinal survey in Mali. Trop Med Int Health 5 :404–412.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2162 | 2076 | 487 |
| Full Text Views | 496 | 21 | 7 |
| PDF Downloads | 85 | 10 | 2 |