Marennikova SS, Seluhina EM, Mal’ceva NN, Cimiskjan KL, Macevic GR, 1972. Isolation and properties of the causal agent of a new variola-like disease (monkeypox) in man. Bull World Health Organ 46 :599–611.
Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E, 1972. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ 46 :593–597.
Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, Pifer JM, Lourie B, Moser CR, 1972. Human monkeypox. Bull World Health Organ 46 :569–576.
Lourie B, Bingham PG, Evans HH, Foster SO, Nakano JH, Herrmann KL, 1972. Human infection with monkeypox virus: laboratory investigation of six cases in West Africa. Bull World Health Organ 46 :633–639.
Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I, 1980. Human monkeypox, 1970–79. Bull World Health Organ 58 :165–182.
Jezek Z, Arita I, Mutombo M, Dunn C, Nakano JH, Szczeniowski M, 1986. Four generations of probable person-to-person transmission of human monkeypox. Am J Epidemiol 123 :1004–1012.
Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, 2001. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :434–438.
Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Manbu mD, Jezek Z, Marennikova S, Nakano J, 1987. The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission. Trop Geogr Med 39 :115–122.
Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM, Khodakevich LN, Ianova NN, 1986. Isolation of the monkey pox virus from a wild African squirrel. Vopr Virusol 31 :238–241.
Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Nambu mD, Jezek Z, Marennikova S, Nakano J, 1987. Monkeypox virus in relation to the ecological features surrounding human settlements in Bumba zone, Zaire. Trop Geogr Med 39 :56–63.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox – Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :642–646.
Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, Guffey J, 2003. A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22 :1093–1096.
Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, Swain GR, Olson VA, Sargent EK, Kehl SC, Frace MA, Kline R, Foldy SL, Davis JP, Damon IK, 2004. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the western hemisphere. N Engl J Med 350 :342–350.
Sejvar JJ, Chowdary Y, Schomogyi M, Stevens J, Patel J, Karem K, Fischer M, Kuehnert MJ, Zaki SR, Paddock CD, Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Patton JL, Bernard N, Li Y, Olson VA, Kline RL, Loparev VN, Schmid DS, Beard B, Regnery RR, Damon IK, 2004. Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the mid-western United States. J Infect Dis 190 :1833–1840.
Dhar AD, Werchniak AE, Li Y, Brennick JB, Goldsmith CS, Kline R, Damon I, Klaus SN, 2004. Tanapox infection in a college student. N Engl J Med 350 :361–366.
Meyer H, Damon IK, Esposito JJ, 2004. Orthopoxvirus diagnostics. Methods Mol Biol 269 :119–134.
Breman JG, 2000. Monkeypox: an emerging infection for humans? Scheld WM, Craig WA, Hughes JM, eds. Emerging Infections 4. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 45–67.
Mukinda VK, Mweme G, Kilundu M, Heymann DL, Khan AS, Esposito JJ, 1997. Re-emergence of human monkeypox in Zaire in 1996. Lancet 349 :1449–1450.
Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H, 1987. Stochastic model for interhuman spread of monkeypox. Am J Epidemiol 126 :1082–1092.
Fine PE, Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H, 1988. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol 17 :643–650.
Antia R, Regoes RR, Koella JC, Bergstrom CT, 2003. The role of evolution in the emergence of infectious diseases. Nature 426 :658–661.
Earl PL, Americo JL, Wyatt LS, Eller LA, Whitbeck JC, Cohen GH, Eisenberg RJ, Hartmann CJ, Jackson DL, Kulesh DA, Martinez MJ, Miller DM, Mucker EM, Shamblin JD, Zwiers SH, Huggins JW, Jahrling PB, Moss B, 2004. Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated MVA smallpox vaccine and protection against monkeypox. Nature 428 :182–185.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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This report describes the first reported outbreak of human monkeypox in the Republic of Congo. Eleven confirmed and probable monkeypox cases were observed during this outbreak, all were less than 18 years old, and most resided on the grounds of the Government Hospital in Impfondo. Molecular, virologic, and serologic, and diagnostic assays were used to detect evidence of monkeypox (or orthopox) virus infection in individuals with striking dermatologic and other clinical manifestations. The majority of cases in this outbreak experienced significant, symptomatic illnesses; there was one death, possibly involving secondary complications, and one instance of profound sequelae. Up to six sequential transmissions of monkeypox virus from person to person are hypothesized to have occurred, making this the longest uninterrupted chain of human monkeypox fully documented to date. The pattern of sustained human-to-human transmission observed during this outbreak may influence our current perception of the capacity for this zoonotic virus to adapt to humans.
Marennikova SS, Seluhina EM, Mal’ceva NN, Cimiskjan KL, Macevic GR, 1972. Isolation and properties of the causal agent of a new variola-like disease (monkeypox) in man. Bull World Health Organ 46 :599–611.
Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E, 1972. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ 46 :593–597.
Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, Pifer JM, Lourie B, Moser CR, 1972. Human monkeypox. Bull World Health Organ 46 :569–576.
Lourie B, Bingham PG, Evans HH, Foster SO, Nakano JH, Herrmann KL, 1972. Human infection with monkeypox virus: laboratory investigation of six cases in West Africa. Bull World Health Organ 46 :633–639.
Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I, 1980. Human monkeypox, 1970–79. Bull World Health Organ 58 :165–182.
Jezek Z, Arita I, Mutombo M, Dunn C, Nakano JH, Szczeniowski M, 1986. Four generations of probable person-to-person transmission of human monkeypox. Am J Epidemiol 123 :1004–1012.
Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, 2001. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :434–438.
Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Manbu mD, Jezek Z, Marennikova S, Nakano J, 1987. The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission. Trop Geogr Med 39 :115–122.
Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM, Khodakevich LN, Ianova NN, 1986. Isolation of the monkey pox virus from a wild African squirrel. Vopr Virusol 31 :238–241.
Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Nambu mD, Jezek Z, Marennikova S, Nakano J, 1987. Monkeypox virus in relation to the ecological features surrounding human settlements in Bumba zone, Zaire. Trop Geogr Med 39 :56–63.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox – Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :642–646.
Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, Guffey J, 2003. A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22 :1093–1096.
Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, Swain GR, Olson VA, Sargent EK, Kehl SC, Frace MA, Kline R, Foldy SL, Davis JP, Damon IK, 2004. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the western hemisphere. N Engl J Med 350 :342–350.
Sejvar JJ, Chowdary Y, Schomogyi M, Stevens J, Patel J, Karem K, Fischer M, Kuehnert MJ, Zaki SR, Paddock CD, Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Patton JL, Bernard N, Li Y, Olson VA, Kline RL, Loparev VN, Schmid DS, Beard B, Regnery RR, Damon IK, 2004. Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the mid-western United States. J Infect Dis 190 :1833–1840.
Dhar AD, Werchniak AE, Li Y, Brennick JB, Goldsmith CS, Kline R, Damon I, Klaus SN, 2004. Tanapox infection in a college student. N Engl J Med 350 :361–366.
Meyer H, Damon IK, Esposito JJ, 2004. Orthopoxvirus diagnostics. Methods Mol Biol 269 :119–134.
Breman JG, 2000. Monkeypox: an emerging infection for humans? Scheld WM, Craig WA, Hughes JM, eds. Emerging Infections 4. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 45–67.
Mukinda VK, Mweme G, Kilundu M, Heymann DL, Khan AS, Esposito JJ, 1997. Re-emergence of human monkeypox in Zaire in 1996. Lancet 349 :1449–1450.
Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H, 1987. Stochastic model for interhuman spread of monkeypox. Am J Epidemiol 126 :1082–1092.
Fine PE, Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H, 1988. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol 17 :643–650.
Antia R, Regoes RR, Koella JC, Bergstrom CT, 2003. The role of evolution in the emergence of infectious diseases. Nature 426 :658–661.
Earl PL, Americo JL, Wyatt LS, Eller LA, Whitbeck JC, Cohen GH, Eisenberg RJ, Hartmann CJ, Jackson DL, Kulesh DA, Martinez MJ, Miller DM, Mucker EM, Shamblin JD, Zwiers SH, Huggins JW, Jahrling PB, Moss B, 2004. Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated MVA smallpox vaccine and protection against monkeypox. Nature 428 :182–185.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 2399 | 1896 | 539 |
Full Text Views | 2132 | 34 | 6 |
PDF Downloads | 1349 | 55 | 6 |