Hall BL, Oser BL, 1965. Progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients under the food additive amendment. 3.GRAF substances. Food Technol 19 :151–197.
Ford RA, Api AM, Letizia CS, 1992. Monographs on fragrance to raw materials. Food Chem Toxicol 30 (Suppl):91s–92s.
Massoud A, Salama O, Bennett JL, 1998. Therapeutic efficacy of new antischistosomal drug, derived from myrrh, in active intestinal schistosomiasis complicated with hepatosplenomegaly. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Parasitology (ICOPA IX), Chiba, Japan. Bologna: Monduzzi Editore, Tada I, Kojima S, Tsuji M, eds., 619–623.
Badria F, Abou-Mohamed G, El-Mowafy A, Masoud A, Salama O, 2001. Mirazid: a new schistosomicidal drug. Pharm Biol 39 :127–131.
Botros S, William S, Ebeid F, Cioli D, Katz N, Day T, Bennett J, 2004. Lack of evidence for an antischistosomal activity of myrrh in experimental animals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :206–210.
Sheir Z, Nasr A, Massoud A, Salama O, Badra GA, El-Shennawy H, Hassan N, Hammad S, 2001. A safe and effective, herbal antischistosomal therapy derived from myrrh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :700–704.
El Baz MA, Morsy TA, El Bandary MM, Motawea SM, 2003. Clinical and parasitological studies on the efficacy of Mirazid in treatment of schistosomiasis haematobium in Tatoon, Etsa Center, El Fayoum Governorate. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 33 :761–767.
Katz N, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 14 :397–400.
Gryseels B, Stelma FF, Talla I, Van Dam GJ, Polman K, Sow S, Diaw M, Sturrock RF, Doehring-Schwerdtfeger E, Kardorff R, Decam C, Niag M, Deelder AM, 1994. Epidemiology, immunology and chemotherapy of Schistosoma mansoni infections in a recently exposed community in Senegal. Trop Geogr Med 46 :209–219.
Jordan B, Webbe G, 1982. Epidemiology. Jordan P, Webbe G, eds. Schistosomiasis, Epidemiology, Treatment and Control. London: William Heinmann Medical Books, 110–111.
Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, N’Dri A, Lengeler C, Tanner M, 2000. Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni with particular consideration for intensity of infection. Trop Med Int Health 5 :771–778.
Raso G, N’Goran EK, Toty A, Lugenbuhl A, Adjoua CA, Tian-Bi NT, Bogoch II, Vounatsou P, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2004. Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni, a community of western Cote d’Ivoire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :1–27.
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Myrrh (Mirazid) has been produced and marketed as an antischistosomal drug since 2001. The current study was designed to assess the efficacy of a commercially available product of myrrh. One hundred four individuals, infected with Schistosoma mansoni, were randomized in two groups, one for myrrh and the second for praziquantel. Treatment—whether myrrh or praziquantel—was given twice with a 3-week interval. The cure rate with myrrh was very low, 15.6% after the first treatment, and 8.9% after the second treatment. Egg reduction among uncured persons was also very low, being 17.2% after the first treatment, and 28% after the second treatment. Praziquantel cure rate was 73.7% and 76.3%, and individuals still passing S. mansoni ova after praziquantel treatment showed a substantial reduction in the geometric mean egg counts (84% and 88.2% after the first and second treatments, respectively). When 34 individuals—uncured after two myrrh treatments—were offered praziquantel in the standard dose, 32 of them stopped passing S. mansoni eggs when tested 4 weeks post-treatment. The results of the current study raise serious doubts about the antischistosomal properties of Mirazid.
Hall BL, Oser BL, 1965. Progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients under the food additive amendment. 3.GRAF substances. Food Technol 19 :151–197.
Ford RA, Api AM, Letizia CS, 1992. Monographs on fragrance to raw materials. Food Chem Toxicol 30 (Suppl):91s–92s.
Massoud A, Salama O, Bennett JL, 1998. Therapeutic efficacy of new antischistosomal drug, derived from myrrh, in active intestinal schistosomiasis complicated with hepatosplenomegaly. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Parasitology (ICOPA IX), Chiba, Japan. Bologna: Monduzzi Editore, Tada I, Kojima S, Tsuji M, eds., 619–623.
Badria F, Abou-Mohamed G, El-Mowafy A, Masoud A, Salama O, 2001. Mirazid: a new schistosomicidal drug. Pharm Biol 39 :127–131.
Botros S, William S, Ebeid F, Cioli D, Katz N, Day T, Bennett J, 2004. Lack of evidence for an antischistosomal activity of myrrh in experimental animals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :206–210.
Sheir Z, Nasr A, Massoud A, Salama O, Badra GA, El-Shennawy H, Hassan N, Hammad S, 2001. A safe and effective, herbal antischistosomal therapy derived from myrrh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :700–704.
El Baz MA, Morsy TA, El Bandary MM, Motawea SM, 2003. Clinical and parasitological studies on the efficacy of Mirazid in treatment of schistosomiasis haematobium in Tatoon, Etsa Center, El Fayoum Governorate. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 33 :761–767.
Katz N, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 14 :397–400.
Gryseels B, Stelma FF, Talla I, Van Dam GJ, Polman K, Sow S, Diaw M, Sturrock RF, Doehring-Schwerdtfeger E, Kardorff R, Decam C, Niag M, Deelder AM, 1994. Epidemiology, immunology and chemotherapy of Schistosoma mansoni infections in a recently exposed community in Senegal. Trop Geogr Med 46 :209–219.
Jordan B, Webbe G, 1982. Epidemiology. Jordan P, Webbe G, eds. Schistosomiasis, Epidemiology, Treatment and Control. London: William Heinmann Medical Books, 110–111.
Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, N’Dri A, Lengeler C, Tanner M, 2000. Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni with particular consideration for intensity of infection. Trop Med Int Health 5 :771–778.
Raso G, N’Goran EK, Toty A, Lugenbuhl A, Adjoua CA, Tian-Bi NT, Bogoch II, Vounatsou P, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2004. Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni, a community of western Cote d’Ivoire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :1–27.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 502 | 433 | 44 |
Full Text Views | 315 | 6 | 4 |
PDF Downloads | 132 | 6 | 4 |