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-
1
DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W, 1995. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Eng J Med 332 :855–859.
-
2
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, DuPont HL, 1996. Cryptosporidium parvum: intensity of infection and oocyst excretion patterns in healthy volunteers. J Infect Dis 173 :232–236.
-
3
Robertson LJ, Campbell AT, Smith HV, 1992. Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 :3494–3500.
-
4
LeChevallier MW, Norton WD, Lee RG, 1991. Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 :2610–2616.
-
5
Hayes EB, Matte TD, O’Brien TR, McKinley TW, Logsdon GS, Rose JB, Ungar BLP, Word DM, Pinsky PF, Cummings ML, Wilson MA, Long EG, Hurwitz ES, Juranek DD, 1989. Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply. N Eng J Med 320 :1372–1376.
-
6
Richardson AJ, Frankenberg RA, Buck AC, Selkon JB, Colbourne JS, Parsons JW, Mayon-White RT, 1991. An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in Swindon and Oxfordshire. Epidemiol Infect 107 :485–495.
-
7
Leland D, McAnulty J, Keene W, Stevens G, 1993. A cryptosporidiosis outbreak in filtered-water supply. J Am Water Works Assoc 85 :34–42.
-
8
MacKenzie WR, Neil M, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KS, Peterson DE, Kazmierczak JJ, Addiss DG, Fox KR, Rose JB, Davis JP, 1994. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Eng J Med 331 :161–167.
-
9
Willocks L, Crampin A, Milne L, Seng C, Susman M, Gair R, Moulsdale M, Shafi S, Wall R, Wiggins R, Lightfoot N, 1998. A large outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply from a deep chalk borehole. Outbreak Investigation Team. Commun Dis Public Health 1 :239–243.
-
10
Craun GF, Hubbs SA, Frost F, Calderon R, Via S, 1998. Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. J Am Water Works Assoc 90 :81–91.
-
11
Frost FJ, Craun GF, Calderon R, Hubbs SA, 1997. So many oocysts, so few outbreaks. J Am Water Works Assoc 89 :8–10.
-
12
Ungar BLP, Soave R, Fayer R, Nash TE, 1986. Enzyme immunoassay detection of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies to Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. J Infect Dis 153 :570–578.
-
13
Petry F, 1998. Epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies in sera of persons from Germany. Infection 26 :7–10.
-
14
Frost FJ, de la Cruz AA, Moss DM, Curry M, Calderon RL, 1998. Comparison of ELISA and Western blot assays for detection of Cryptosporidium antibody. Epidemiol Infect 121 :205–211.
-
15
Frost FJ, Muller T, Craun GF, Lockwood WB, Calderon RL, 2002. Serological evidence of endemic waterborne cryptosporidium infections. Ann Epidemiol. 12 :222–227.
-
16
Isaac-Renton JL, Blatherwick J, Bowie WR, Fyfe M, Khan M, Li A, King A, McLean M, Medd L, Moorehead W, Ong C, Robertson W, 1999. Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :578–583.
-
17
Priest JW, Kwon JP, Moss DM, Roberts JM, Arrowood MJ, Dworkin MS, Juranek DD, Lammie PJ, 1999. Detection by enzyme immunoassay of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies that recognize specific Cryptosporidium parvum antigens. J Clin Microbiol 37 :1385–1392.
-
18
Priest JW, Li A, Khan M, Arrowood MJ, Lammie PJ, Ong CS, Roberts JM, Isaac-Renton J, 2001. Enzyme immunoassay detection of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in longitudinal serum samples from patients with cryptosporidiosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immuno 18 :415–423.
-
19
McDonald AC, MacKenzie WR, Addiss DG, Gradus MS, Linke G, Zembrowski E, Hurd MR, Arrowood MJ, Lammie PJ, Priest JW, 2001. Cryptosporidium parvum-specific antibody responses among children residing in Milwaukee during the 1993 waterborne outbreak. J Infect Dis 183 :1373–1379.
-
20
Ong CS, Eisler DL, Goh SH, Tomblin J, Awad-El-Kariem FM, Beard CB, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Lal A, Fyfe M, King A, Bowie WR, Isaac-Renton JL, 1999. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and transmission in British Columbia, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :63–69.
-
21
Isaac-Renton JL, Ong CSL, Bowie WR, Lammie PJ, Priest JW, 2003. Cryptosporidium Serology in Human Populations. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association Research Foundation.
-
22
Garcia LS, Bruckner DA, eds., 1995. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 2nd Edition. Washington DC: American Society of Microbiology.
-
23
Dunnett CW, 1955. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J Am Stat Assoc 50 :1096–1121.
-
24
Levine RB, Epstein PR, Ford TE, Harrington W, Olson E, Reichard EG, 2002. U.S. Drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century. Environ Health Persp 110 :43–53.
-
25
Backer HD, Bissell SR, Vugia DJ, 2001. Disease reporting from an automated laboratory-based reporting system to a state health department via local county health departments. Public Health Reports 116 :257–265.
-
26
Frost FF, Muller TB, Calderon RL, Craun GF, 2004. Analysis of serological responses to Cryptosporidium antigen among NHANES III participants. Ann Epidemiol 14 :473–478.
-
27
British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 1996. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with municipal drinking water: Cranbrook, British Columbia, June 1996. BC Health and Disease Surveillance 5 :93–104.
-
28
Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, Arrowood MJ, Escalante AA, Weltman AC, Ong CS, Mac Kenzie WR, Lal AA, Beard CB, 1997. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerg Infect Dis 3 :567–573.
-
29
Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton S, 2000. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification. International J Para 30 :1305–1322.
-
30
Moss DM, Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, DuPont HL, Arrowood MJ, Hightower AW, Lammie PJ, 1998. The antibody response to 27-, 17-, and 15-kDa Cryptosporidium antigens following experimental infection in humans. J Infect Dis 178 :827–833.
-
31
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, Wang C, Jakubowski W, Dupont HL, 1999. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :157–164.
-
32
Roy SL, DeLong SM, Stenzel SA, Shiferaw B, Roberts JM, Khalakdina A, Marcus R, Segler SD, Shah DD, Thomas S, Vugia DJ, Zansky SM, Dietz V, Beach MJ, Emerging Infections Program FoodNet Working Group, 2004. Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons in the United States from 1999 to 2001. J Clin Microbiol 42 :2944–2951.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1091 | 989 | 130 |
| Full Text Views | 229 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 42 | 10 | 2 |
ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-SPECIFIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODIES TO ASSESS LONGITUDINAL INFECTION TRENDS IN SIX COMMUNITIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
CORINNE S. ONG
CORINNE S. ONG
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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ANNA S. LI
ANNA S. LI
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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JEFFREY W. PRIEST
JEFFREY W. PRIEST
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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RAY COPES
RAY COPES
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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MOHAMAD KHAN
MOHAMAD KHAN
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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MURRAY W. FYFE
MURRAY W. FYFE
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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STEPHEN A. MARION
STEPHEN A. MARION
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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JACQUELIN M. ROBERTS
JACQUELIN M. ROBERTS
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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PATRICK J. LAMMIE
PATRICK J. LAMMIE
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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JUDITH L. ISAAC-RENTON
JUDITH L. ISAAC-RENTON
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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A newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects immunoglobulin G antibodies to the 27-kDa Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite surface antigen was used to test 4,097 sera collected from pregnant women in 6 communities in British Columbia, Canada, between January 1996, and December 1997. Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis occurred in two of the study communities during the period of follow-up, and ELISA seropositivity was high in all six communities during the study period (77% positive to 92% positive). In the community with the largest outbreak, levels of antibody to the 27-kDa antigen increased rapidly and then decayed to background levels within 3–4 months of the peak of the epidemic curve. Trends in serologic reactivity were complex in all communities, and increased antibody levels not related temporally to known waterborne outbreaks were also observed. Serological assays may provide more accurate information regarding community levels of Cryptosporidium infection.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W, 1995. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Eng J Med 332 :855–859.
-
2
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, DuPont HL, 1996. Cryptosporidium parvum: intensity of infection and oocyst excretion patterns in healthy volunteers. J Infect Dis 173 :232–236.
-
3
Robertson LJ, Campbell AT, Smith HV, 1992. Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 :3494–3500.
-
4
LeChevallier MW, Norton WD, Lee RG, 1991. Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 :2610–2616.
-
5
Hayes EB, Matte TD, O’Brien TR, McKinley TW, Logsdon GS, Rose JB, Ungar BLP, Word DM, Pinsky PF, Cummings ML, Wilson MA, Long EG, Hurwitz ES, Juranek DD, 1989. Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply. N Eng J Med 320 :1372–1376.
-
6
Richardson AJ, Frankenberg RA, Buck AC, Selkon JB, Colbourne JS, Parsons JW, Mayon-White RT, 1991. An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in Swindon and Oxfordshire. Epidemiol Infect 107 :485–495.
-
7
Leland D, McAnulty J, Keene W, Stevens G, 1993. A cryptosporidiosis outbreak in filtered-water supply. J Am Water Works Assoc 85 :34–42.
-
8
MacKenzie WR, Neil M, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KS, Peterson DE, Kazmierczak JJ, Addiss DG, Fox KR, Rose JB, Davis JP, 1994. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Eng J Med 331 :161–167.
-
9
Willocks L, Crampin A, Milne L, Seng C, Susman M, Gair R, Moulsdale M, Shafi S, Wall R, Wiggins R, Lightfoot N, 1998. A large outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply from a deep chalk borehole. Outbreak Investigation Team. Commun Dis Public Health 1 :239–243.
-
10
Craun GF, Hubbs SA, Frost F, Calderon R, Via S, 1998. Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. J Am Water Works Assoc 90 :81–91.
-
11
Frost FJ, Craun GF, Calderon R, Hubbs SA, 1997. So many oocysts, so few outbreaks. J Am Water Works Assoc 89 :8–10.
-
12
Ungar BLP, Soave R, Fayer R, Nash TE, 1986. Enzyme immunoassay detection of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies to Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. J Infect Dis 153 :570–578.
-
13
Petry F, 1998. Epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies in sera of persons from Germany. Infection 26 :7–10.
-
14
Frost FJ, de la Cruz AA, Moss DM, Curry M, Calderon RL, 1998. Comparison of ELISA and Western blot assays for detection of Cryptosporidium antibody. Epidemiol Infect 121 :205–211.
-
15
Frost FJ, Muller T, Craun GF, Lockwood WB, Calderon RL, 2002. Serological evidence of endemic waterborne cryptosporidium infections. Ann Epidemiol. 12 :222–227.
-
16
Isaac-Renton JL, Blatherwick J, Bowie WR, Fyfe M, Khan M, Li A, King A, McLean M, Medd L, Moorehead W, Ong C, Robertson W, 1999. Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :578–583.
-
17
Priest JW, Kwon JP, Moss DM, Roberts JM, Arrowood MJ, Dworkin MS, Juranek DD, Lammie PJ, 1999. Detection by enzyme immunoassay of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies that recognize specific Cryptosporidium parvum antigens. J Clin Microbiol 37 :1385–1392.
-
18
Priest JW, Li A, Khan M, Arrowood MJ, Lammie PJ, Ong CS, Roberts JM, Isaac-Renton J, 2001. Enzyme immunoassay detection of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in longitudinal serum samples from patients with cryptosporidiosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immuno 18 :415–423.
-
19
McDonald AC, MacKenzie WR, Addiss DG, Gradus MS, Linke G, Zembrowski E, Hurd MR, Arrowood MJ, Lammie PJ, Priest JW, 2001. Cryptosporidium parvum-specific antibody responses among children residing in Milwaukee during the 1993 waterborne outbreak. J Infect Dis 183 :1373–1379.
-
20
Ong CS, Eisler DL, Goh SH, Tomblin J, Awad-El-Kariem FM, Beard CB, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Lal A, Fyfe M, King A, Bowie WR, Isaac-Renton JL, 1999. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and transmission in British Columbia, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :63–69.
-
21
Isaac-Renton JL, Ong CSL, Bowie WR, Lammie PJ, Priest JW, 2003. Cryptosporidium Serology in Human Populations. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association Research Foundation.
-
22
Garcia LS, Bruckner DA, eds., 1995. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 2nd Edition. Washington DC: American Society of Microbiology.
-
23
Dunnett CW, 1955. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J Am Stat Assoc 50 :1096–1121.
-
24
Levine RB, Epstein PR, Ford TE, Harrington W, Olson E, Reichard EG, 2002. U.S. Drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century. Environ Health Persp 110 :43–53.
-
25
Backer HD, Bissell SR, Vugia DJ, 2001. Disease reporting from an automated laboratory-based reporting system to a state health department via local county health departments. Public Health Reports 116 :257–265.
-
26
Frost FF, Muller TB, Calderon RL, Craun GF, 2004. Analysis of serological responses to Cryptosporidium antigen among NHANES III participants. Ann Epidemiol 14 :473–478.
-
27
British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 1996. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with municipal drinking water: Cranbrook, British Columbia, June 1996. BC Health and Disease Surveillance 5 :93–104.
-
28
Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, Arrowood MJ, Escalante AA, Weltman AC, Ong CS, Mac Kenzie WR, Lal AA, Beard CB, 1997. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerg Infect Dis 3 :567–573.
-
29
Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton S, 2000. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification. International J Para 30 :1305–1322.
-
30
Moss DM, Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, DuPont HL, Arrowood MJ, Hightower AW, Lammie PJ, 1998. The antibody response to 27-, 17-, and 15-kDa Cryptosporidium antigens following experimental infection in humans. J Infect Dis 178 :827–833.
-
31
Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, Wang C, Jakubowski W, Dupont HL, 1999. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :157–164.
-
32
Roy SL, DeLong SM, Stenzel SA, Shiferaw B, Roberts JM, Khalakdina A, Marcus R, Segler SD, Shah DD, Thomas S, Vugia DJ, Zansky SM, Dietz V, Beach MJ, Emerging Infections Program FoodNet Working Group, 2004. Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons in the United States from 1999 to 2001. J Clin Microbiol 42 :2944–2951.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1091 | 989 | 130 |
| Full Text Views | 229 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 42 | 10 | 2 |