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1
Harith AE, Kolk AH, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Faber FJ, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarman JJ, 1987. Evaluation of a newly developed direct agglutination test (DAT) for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis: comparison with IFAT and ELISA. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :603–606.
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2
Islam MZ, Itoh M, Mirza R, Ahmed I, Ekram AR, Sarder AH, Shamsuzzaman SM, Hashiguchi Y, Kimura E, 2004. Direct agglutination test with urine samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :78–82.
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3
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351 :563–565.
-
4
Sundar S, Pai K, Sahu M, Kumar V, Murray HW, 2002. Immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :19–23.
-
5
Alvar J, Canavate C, Gutierrez-Solar B, Jimenez M, Laguna F, Lopez-Velez R, Molina R, Moreno J, 1997. Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 :298–319.
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6
Desjeux P, Meert J, Piot B, Alvar J, Medrano F, Portus M, Munoz C, Laguna F, Velez RL, Salas A, Sirera G, Cisterna R, Montalban C, Quero H, Gradoni L, Gramiccia M, Russo R, Dedet J, Pratlong F, Dereure J, Deniau M, Izri A, Matheron S, Farault F, Marty P, Rosenthal E, Antunes F, Abranches P, Pradinaud R, 2000. Leishmania/HIV Co-Infection in SouthWestern Europe 1990–1998: Retrospective Analysis of 965 Cases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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7
Attar ZJ, Chance ML, el-Safi S, Carney J, Azazy A, El-Hadi M, Dourado C, Hommel M, 2001. Latex agglutination test for the detection of urinary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 78 :11–16.
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8
Hommel M, Sarkari B, Carney J, Chance ML, 2001. Katex for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. Med Trop (Mars) 61 :503–505.
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9
Riera C, Fisa R, Lopez P, Ribera E, Carrio J, Falco V, Molina I, Gallego M, Portus M, 2004. Evaluation of a latex agglutination test (KAtex) for detection of Leishmania antigen in urine of patients with HIV-Leishmania coinfection: value in diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 23 :899–904.
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10
Vilaplana C, Blanco S, Dominguez J, Gimenez M, Ausina V, Tural C, Munoz C, 2004. Noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test for detection of antigens in urine samples. J Clin Microbiol 42 :1853–1854.
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11
Rijal S, Boelaert M, Regmi S, Karki BM, Jacquet D, Singh R, Chance ML, Chappuis F, Hommel M, Desjeux P, Van der Stuyft P, Le Ray D, Koirala S, 2004. Evaluation of a urinary antigen-based latex agglutination test in the diagnosis of kala-azar in eastern Nepal. Trop Med Int Health 9 :724–729.
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12
Yates JW, Chalmer B, McKegney FP, 1980. Evaluation of patients with advanced cancer using the Karnofsky performance status. Cancer 45 :2220–2224.
-
13
Chulay JD, Bryceson AD, 1983. Quantitation of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in smears of splenic aspirates from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :475–479.
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14
Knapp R, Miller M, 1992. Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Malvern, PA: Harwal Publishing Company.
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15
Sarkari B, Chance M, Hommel M, 2002. Antigenuria in visceral leishmaniasis: detection and partial characterisation of a carbohydrate antigen. Acta Trop 82 :339–348.
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16
Pizzuto M, Piazza M, Senese D, Scalamogna C, Calattini S, Corsico L, Persico T, Adriani B, Magni C, Guaraldi G, Gaiera G, Ludovisi A, Gramiccia M, Galli M, Moroni M, Corbellino M, Antinori S, 2001. Role of PCR in diagnosis and prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Clin Microbiol 39 :357–361.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 169 | 138 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 254 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 66 | 4 | 0 |
DETECTION OF LEISHMANIAL ANTIGEN IN THE URINE OF PATIENTS WITH VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS BY A LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST
SHYAM SUNDAR
SHYAM SUNDAR
Kala-Azar Medical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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SHRINKHLA AGRAWAL
SHRINKHLA AGRAWAL
Kala-Azar Medical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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KALPANA PAI
KALPANA PAI
Kala-Azar Medical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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MICHAEL CHANCE
MICHAEL CHANCE
Kala-Azar Medical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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MARCEL HOMMEL
MARCEL HOMMEL
Kala-Azar Medical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is usually done by demonstration of parasites in tissue smears. However, obtaining these smears may be risky, painful, and difficult. Antibody-based diagnostics are limited by their inability to predict active disease. In this study, a new latex agglutination test (KAtex), which detects parasite antigen in freshly voided and boiled urine, was evaluated in patients with VL before the start (n = 382) and at the end of treatment (n = 273); 185 healthy controls from leishmaniasis-endemic region were also studied. The KAtex result was positive in 87% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 83.3–90.3). However, at the end of treatment only 3% (95% CI = 1.6–6.2) patients were positive. The specificity of the test was 99% and 2 of 185 healthy controls tested positive. Positive and negative predictive values were 0.994 and 0.788, respectively. KAtex is a promising test, and in a simplified and improved format it could be applied meaningfully in the diagnosis of VL.
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-
1
Harith AE, Kolk AH, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Faber FJ, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarman JJ, 1987. Evaluation of a newly developed direct agglutination test (DAT) for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis: comparison with IFAT and ELISA. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :603–606.
-
2
Islam MZ, Itoh M, Mirza R, Ahmed I, Ekram AR, Sarder AH, Shamsuzzaman SM, Hashiguchi Y, Kimura E, 2004. Direct agglutination test with urine samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :78–82.
-
3
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351 :563–565.
-
4
Sundar S, Pai K, Sahu M, Kumar V, Murray HW, 2002. Immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :19–23.
-
5
Alvar J, Canavate C, Gutierrez-Solar B, Jimenez M, Laguna F, Lopez-Velez R, Molina R, Moreno J, 1997. Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 :298–319.
-
6
Desjeux P, Meert J, Piot B, Alvar J, Medrano F, Portus M, Munoz C, Laguna F, Velez RL, Salas A, Sirera G, Cisterna R, Montalban C, Quero H, Gradoni L, Gramiccia M, Russo R, Dedet J, Pratlong F, Dereure J, Deniau M, Izri A, Matheron S, Farault F, Marty P, Rosenthal E, Antunes F, Abranches P, Pradinaud R, 2000. Leishmania/HIV Co-Infection in SouthWestern Europe 1990–1998: Retrospective Analysis of 965 Cases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
7
Attar ZJ, Chance ML, el-Safi S, Carney J, Azazy A, El-Hadi M, Dourado C, Hommel M, 2001. Latex agglutination test for the detection of urinary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 78 :11–16.
-
8
Hommel M, Sarkari B, Carney J, Chance ML, 2001. Katex for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. Med Trop (Mars) 61 :503–505.
-
9
Riera C, Fisa R, Lopez P, Ribera E, Carrio J, Falco V, Molina I, Gallego M, Portus M, 2004. Evaluation of a latex agglutination test (KAtex) for detection of Leishmania antigen in urine of patients with HIV-Leishmania coinfection: value in diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 23 :899–904.
-
10
Vilaplana C, Blanco S, Dominguez J, Gimenez M, Ausina V, Tural C, Munoz C, 2004. Noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test for detection of antigens in urine samples. J Clin Microbiol 42 :1853–1854.
-
11
Rijal S, Boelaert M, Regmi S, Karki BM, Jacquet D, Singh R, Chance ML, Chappuis F, Hommel M, Desjeux P, Van der Stuyft P, Le Ray D, Koirala S, 2004. Evaluation of a urinary antigen-based latex agglutination test in the diagnosis of kala-azar in eastern Nepal. Trop Med Int Health 9 :724–729.
-
12
Yates JW, Chalmer B, McKegney FP, 1980. Evaluation of patients with advanced cancer using the Karnofsky performance status. Cancer 45 :2220–2224.
-
13
Chulay JD, Bryceson AD, 1983. Quantitation of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in smears of splenic aspirates from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :475–479.
-
14
Knapp R, Miller M, 1992. Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Malvern, PA: Harwal Publishing Company.
-
15
Sarkari B, Chance M, Hommel M, 2002. Antigenuria in visceral leishmaniasis: detection and partial characterisation of a carbohydrate antigen. Acta Trop 82 :339–348.
-
16
Pizzuto M, Piazza M, Senese D, Scalamogna C, Calattini S, Corsico L, Persico T, Adriani B, Magni C, Guaraldi G, Gaiera G, Ludovisi A, Gramiccia M, Galli M, Moroni M, Corbellino M, Antinori S, 2001. Role of PCR in diagnosis and prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Clin Microbiol 39 :357–361.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 169 | 138 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 254 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 66 | 4 | 0 |