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RefWorks
Reference Manager
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-
1
Hurlbut HS, 1966. Mosquito salivation and virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15 :989–993.
-
2
Aitken THG, 1977. An in vitro feeding technique for artificially demonstrating virus transmission by mosquitoes. Mosquito News 37 :130–133.
-
3
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1385–1391.
-
4
Chamberlain RW, Kissling RE, Sikes RK, 1954. Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides. VII. Estimation of amount of eastern equine encephalitis virus inoculated by infected Aedes aegypti. Am J Hyg 60 :286–291.
-
5
Hardy JL, Houk EJ, Kramer LD, Reeves WC, 1983. Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses. Ann Rev Entomol 28 :229–262.
-
6
Meyer RP, Hardy JL, Presser SB, 1983. Comparative vector competence of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus from the coachella, imperial, and San Joaquin Valleys of California for St. Louis encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :305–311.
-
7
Patrican LA, DeFoliart GR, Yuill TM, 1985. Oral infection and transmission of La Crosse virus by an enzootic strain of Aedes triseriatus feeding on chipmunks with a range of viremia levels. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :992–998.
-
8
Turell MJ, 1988. Reduced Rift Valley fever virus infection rates in mosquitoes associated with pledget feedings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :597–602.
-
9
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Lorenz LH, Repik PM, 1991. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus deposition in Culiseta melanura following ingestion of radiolabeled virus in blood meals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :250–259.
-
10
Nye ER, Bertram DS, 1960. Comparison of natural and artificial infection of Aedes aegypti L. with Semliki Forest virus. Virology 12 :570–577.
-
11
Collins WE, 1963. Transmission of Semliki Forest virus by Anopheles albimanus using membrane feeding techniques. Mosquito News 23 :96–99.
-
12
Davis N, 1934. Attempts to determine the amount of yellow fever virus injected by the bite of a single infected Stegomyia mosquito. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14 :343–354.
-
13
Gubler DJ, Rosen L, 1976. A simple technique for demonstrating transmission of dengue virus by mosquitoes without the use of vertebrate hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :146–150.
-
14
Mellink JJ, 1982. Estimation of the amount of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus transmitted by a single infected Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 19 :275–280.
-
15
Ross R, 1953. Transmission experiments with Chikungunya A and B Virus. Experiments using a new apparatus. Annual Report, Entebbe, Uganda: Virus Research Institute, 13–14.
-
16
Ross R, 1955. A laboratory technique for studying the insect transmission of animal viruses, employing a bat-wing membrane, demonstrated with two African viruses. Annual Report, Entebbe, Uganda: Virus Research Institute, 192–200.
-
17
Vanlandingham DL, Schneider BS, Klingler K, Fair J, Beasley D, Huang J, Hamilton P, Higgs S, 2004. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction quantification of West Nile virus transmitted by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :120–123.
-
18
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Lorenz LH, 1990. Patterns of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 27 :878–891.
-
19
Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, Boshell J, Navarro JC, 2004. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol 49 :141–174.
-
20
Beaman JR, Turell MJ, 1991. Transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by strains of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in North and South America. J Med Entomol 28 :161–164.
-
21
Fernandez Z, Moncayo AC, Carrara AS, Forattini OP, Weaver SC, 2003. Vector competence of rural and urban strains of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Sao Paulo State, Brazil for IC, ID, and IF subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 40 :522–527.
-
22
Rivas F, Diaz LA, Cardenas VM, Daza E, Bruzon L, Alcala A, De la Hoz O, Caceres FM, Aristizabal G, Martinez JW, Revelo D, De la Hoz F, Boshell J, Camacho T, Calderon L, Olano VA, Villarreal LI, Roselli D, Alvarez G, Ludwig G, Tsai T, 1997. Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in La Guajira, Colombia, 1995. J Infect Dis 175 :828–832.
-
23
Sudia WD, Newhouse VF, Henderson BE, 1971. Experimental infection of horses with three strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. II. Experimental vector studies. Am J Epidemiol 93 :206–211.
-
24
Weaver SC, Salas R, Rico-Hesse R, Ludwig GV, Oberste MS, Boshell J, Tesh RB, 1996. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. VEE Study Group. Lancet 348 :436–440.
-
25
Brault AC, Powers AM, Weaver SC, 2002. Vector infection determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reside within the E2 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 76 :6387–6392.
-
26
Bernard KA, Klimstra WB, Johnston RE, 2000. Mutations in the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus confer heparan sulfate interaction, low morbidity, and rapid clearance from blood of mice. Virology 276 :93–103.
-
27
Martin DH, Dietz WH, Alvaerez O Jr, Johnson KM, 1982. Epidemiological significance of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in vitro markers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :561–568.
-
28
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am J Hygiene 27 :493–497.
-
29
Weaver SC, Lorenz LH, Scott TW, 1993. Distribution of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the alimentary tract of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) following natural and artificial blood meals. J Med Entomol 30 :391–397.
-
30
Ortiz DI, Weaver SC, 2004. Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection with epizootic (subtype IC) and enzootic (subtype ID) Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses: evidence for epizootic strain adaptation. J Med Entomol 41 :987–993.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 375 | 328 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 323 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 117 | 2 | 0 |
EVALUATION OF METHODS TO ASSESS TRANSMISSION POTENTIAL OF VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS BY MOSQUITOES AND ESTIMATION OF MOSQUITO SALIVA TITERS
DARCI R. SMITH
DARCI R. SMITH
Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ANNE-SOPHIE CARRARA
ANNE-SOPHIE CARRARA
Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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PATRICIA V. AGUILAR
PATRICIA V. AGUILAR
Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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SCOTT C. WEAVER
SCOTT C. WEAVER
Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Determining the dose of an arbovirus transmitted by a mosquito is important to design transmission and pathogenesis studies simulating natural infection. Several different artificial infection and transmission methods used to assess vector competence and to estimate the dose injected during mosquito feeding have not been fully evaluated to determine whether they accurately reflect natural transmission. Additionally, it is not known whether different mosquito vectors transmit similar amounts of a given virus. Therefore, we compared three traditional artificial transmission methods using Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus mosquitoes. Both the mosquito species and the infection route used affected the amount of virus detected in the saliva after a 10-day extrinsic incubation period. Median titers of virus detected in saliva of Ae. albopictus and Oc. taeniorhynchus mosquitoes ranged from 0.2 to 1.1 log10 (mean 0.7–1.4 log10) and 0.2 to 3.2 log10 (mean 1.0–3.6 log10) plaque-forming units, respectively. The results of this study will aid in the design of transmission and pathogenesis studies involving arboviruses.
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-
1
Hurlbut HS, 1966. Mosquito salivation and virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15 :989–993.
-
2
Aitken THG, 1977. An in vitro feeding technique for artificially demonstrating virus transmission by mosquitoes. Mosquito News 37 :130–133.
-
3
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1385–1391.
-
4
Chamberlain RW, Kissling RE, Sikes RK, 1954. Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides. VII. Estimation of amount of eastern equine encephalitis virus inoculated by infected Aedes aegypti. Am J Hyg 60 :286–291.
-
5
Hardy JL, Houk EJ, Kramer LD, Reeves WC, 1983. Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses. Ann Rev Entomol 28 :229–262.
-
6
Meyer RP, Hardy JL, Presser SB, 1983. Comparative vector competence of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus from the coachella, imperial, and San Joaquin Valleys of California for St. Louis encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :305–311.
-
7
Patrican LA, DeFoliart GR, Yuill TM, 1985. Oral infection and transmission of La Crosse virus by an enzootic strain of Aedes triseriatus feeding on chipmunks with a range of viremia levels. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :992–998.
-
8
Turell MJ, 1988. Reduced Rift Valley fever virus infection rates in mosquitoes associated with pledget feedings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :597–602.
-
9
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Lorenz LH, Repik PM, 1991. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus deposition in Culiseta melanura following ingestion of radiolabeled virus in blood meals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :250–259.
-
10
Nye ER, Bertram DS, 1960. Comparison of natural and artificial infection of Aedes aegypti L. with Semliki Forest virus. Virology 12 :570–577.
-
11
Collins WE, 1963. Transmission of Semliki Forest virus by Anopheles albimanus using membrane feeding techniques. Mosquito News 23 :96–99.
-
12
Davis N, 1934. Attempts to determine the amount of yellow fever virus injected by the bite of a single infected Stegomyia mosquito. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14 :343–354.
-
13
Gubler DJ, Rosen L, 1976. A simple technique for demonstrating transmission of dengue virus by mosquitoes without the use of vertebrate hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :146–150.
-
14
Mellink JJ, 1982. Estimation of the amount of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus transmitted by a single infected Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 19 :275–280.
-
15
Ross R, 1953. Transmission experiments with Chikungunya A and B Virus. Experiments using a new apparatus. Annual Report, Entebbe, Uganda: Virus Research Institute, 13–14.
-
16
Ross R, 1955. A laboratory technique for studying the insect transmission of animal viruses, employing a bat-wing membrane, demonstrated with two African viruses. Annual Report, Entebbe, Uganda: Virus Research Institute, 192–200.
-
17
Vanlandingham DL, Schneider BS, Klingler K, Fair J, Beasley D, Huang J, Hamilton P, Higgs S, 2004. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction quantification of West Nile virus transmitted by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :120–123.
-
18
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Lorenz LH, 1990. Patterns of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 27 :878–891.
-
19
Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, Boshell J, Navarro JC, 2004. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol 49 :141–174.
-
20
Beaman JR, Turell MJ, 1991. Transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by strains of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in North and South America. J Med Entomol 28 :161–164.
-
21
Fernandez Z, Moncayo AC, Carrara AS, Forattini OP, Weaver SC, 2003. Vector competence of rural and urban strains of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Sao Paulo State, Brazil for IC, ID, and IF subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 40 :522–527.
-
22
Rivas F, Diaz LA, Cardenas VM, Daza E, Bruzon L, Alcala A, De la Hoz O, Caceres FM, Aristizabal G, Martinez JW, Revelo D, De la Hoz F, Boshell J, Camacho T, Calderon L, Olano VA, Villarreal LI, Roselli D, Alvarez G, Ludwig G, Tsai T, 1997. Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in La Guajira, Colombia, 1995. J Infect Dis 175 :828–832.
-
23
Sudia WD, Newhouse VF, Henderson BE, 1971. Experimental infection of horses with three strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. II. Experimental vector studies. Am J Epidemiol 93 :206–211.
-
24
Weaver SC, Salas R, Rico-Hesse R, Ludwig GV, Oberste MS, Boshell J, Tesh RB, 1996. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. VEE Study Group. Lancet 348 :436–440.
-
25
Brault AC, Powers AM, Weaver SC, 2002. Vector infection determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reside within the E2 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 76 :6387–6392.
-
26
Bernard KA, Klimstra WB, Johnston RE, 2000. Mutations in the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus confer heparan sulfate interaction, low morbidity, and rapid clearance from blood of mice. Virology 276 :93–103.
-
27
Martin DH, Dietz WH, Alvaerez O Jr, Johnson KM, 1982. Epidemiological significance of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in vitro markers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :561–568.
-
28
Reed LJ, Muench H, 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am J Hygiene 27 :493–497.
-
29
Weaver SC, Lorenz LH, Scott TW, 1993. Distribution of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the alimentary tract of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) following natural and artificial blood meals. J Med Entomol 30 :391–397.
-
30
Ortiz DI, Weaver SC, 2004. Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection with epizootic (subtype IC) and enzootic (subtype ID) Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses: evidence for epizootic strain adaptation. J Med Entomol 41 :987–993.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 375 | 328 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 323 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 117 | 2 | 0 |