Author:
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Study site and participants.
- Treatment reinfection study.
- Informed consent and ethical approval.
- Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction testing for P. falciparum infection and the hemoglobin S (HbS) mutation (sickle cell trait).
- Antibody testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
- Statistical analysis.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Doolan DL, Sedegah M, Hedstrom RC, Hobart P, Charoenvit Y, Hoffman SL, 1996. Circumventing genetic restriction of protection against malaria with multigene DNA immunization: CD8+ cell-, interferon gamma-, and nitric oxide-dependent immunity. J Exp Med 183 :1739–1746.
-
2
Charoenvit Y, Fallarme V, Rogers W, Sacci JJ, Kaur M, Aguiar J, Yuan L, Corradin G, Andersen E, Wizel B, Houghten R, Oloo A, De lVP, Hoffman S, 1997. Development of two mono-clonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein 2 and mapping of B-cell epitopes. Infect Immun 65 :3430–3437.
-
3
Egan J, Hoffman S, Haynes J, Sadoff J, Schneider I, Grau G, Hollingdale M, Ballou W, Gordon D, 1993. Humoral immune responses in volunteers immunized with irradiated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :166–173.
-
4
Muller HM, Scarselli E, Crisanti A, 1993. Thrombospondin related anonymous protein (TRAP) of Plasmodium falciparum in parasite-host cell interactions. Parassitologia 35 (Suppl):69–72.
-
5
Potocnjak P, Yoshida N, Nussenzweig R, Nussenzweig V, 1980. Monovalent fragments (Fab) of monoclonal antibodies to a sporozoite surface antigen (Pb44) protect mice against malarial infection. J Exp Med 151 :1504–1513.
-
6
Sedegah M, Hedstrom R, Hobart P, Hoffman S, 1994. Protection against malaria by immunization with plasmid DNA encoding circumsporozoite protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 :9866–9870.
-
7
Sultan AA, 1999. Molecular mechanisms of malaria sporozoite motility and invasion of host cells. Int Microbiol 2 :155–160.
-
8
Stoute JA, Kester KE, Krzych U, Wellde BT, Hall T, White K, Glenn G, Ockenhouse CF, Garcon N, Schwenk R, Lanar DE, Sun P, Momin P, Wirtz RA, Golenda C, Slaoui M, Wortmann G, Holland C, Dowler M, Cohen J, Ballou WR, 1998. Long-term efficacy and immune responses following immunization with the RTS,S malaria vaccine. J Infect Dis 178 :1139–1144.
-
9
Stoute JA, Slaoui M, Heppner DG, Momin P, Kester KE, Desmons P, Wellde BT, Garcon N, Krzych U, Marchand M, 1997. A preliminary evaluation of a recombinant circumsporozoite protein vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. RTS,S Malaria Vaccine Evaluation Group. N Engl J Med 336 :86–91.
-
10
Kurtis JD, Lanar DE, Opollo M, Duffy PE, 1999. Interleukin-10 responses to liver-stage antigen 1 predict human resistance to Plasmodium falciparum.Infect Immun 67 :3424–3429.
-
11
Luty AJ, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Herbich K, Schmid D, Migot-Nabias F, Deloron P, Nussenzweig RS, Kremsner PG, 1999. Interferon-gamma responses are associated with resistance to reinfection with Plasmodium falciparum in young African children. J Infect Dis 179 :980–988.
-
12
Luty AJ, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Herbich K, Schmid D, Ulbert S, Migot-Nabias F, Dubois B, Deloron P, Kremsner PG, 1998. Parasite antigen-specific interleukin-10 and antibody reponses predict accelerated parasite clearance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Eur Cytokine Netw 9 :639–646.
-
13
Connelly M, King CL, Bucci K, Walters S, Genton B, Alpers MP, Hollingdale M, Kazura JW, 1997. T-cell immunity to peptide epitopes of liver-stage antigen 1 in an area of Papua New Guinea in which malaria is holoendemic. Infect Immun 65 :5082–5087.
-
14
John CC, Sumba PO, Ouma JH, Nahlen BL, King CL, Kazura JW, 2000. Cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 1 vary in rainy and dry seasons in highland Kenya. Infect Immun 68 :5198–5204.
-
15
Reece WH, Pinder M, Gothard PK, Milligan P, Bojang K, Doherty T, Plebanski M, Akinwunmi P, Everaere S, Watkins KR, Voss G, Tornieporth N, Alloueche A, Greenwood BM, Kester KE, McAdam KP, Cohen J, Hill AV, 2004. A CD4(+) T-cell immune response to a conserved epitope in the circum-sporozoite protein correlates with protection from natural Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease. Nat Med 10 :406–410.
-
16
John CC, Zickafoose JS, Sumba PO, King CL, Kazura JW, 2003. Antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum antigens circum-sporozoite protein, thrombospondin-related adhesive protein, and liver-stage antigen 1 vary by ages of subjects and by season in a highland area of Kenya. Infect Immun 71 :4320–4325.
-
17
John CC, Moormann AM, Sumba PO, Ofulla AV, Pregibon DC, Kazura JW, 2004. Gamma interferon responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 1 and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein and their relationship to age, transmission intensity, and protection against malaria. Infect Immun 72 :5135–5142.
-
18
John CC, O’Donnell RA, Sumba PO, Moormann AM, de Koning-Ward TF, King CL, Kazura JW, Crabb BS, 2004. Evidence that invasion-inhibitory antibodies specific for the 19-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1 19) can play a protective role against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum infection in individuals in a malaria endemic area of Africa. J Immunol 173 :666–672.
-
19
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol 58 :283–292.
-
20
Husain SM, Kalavathi P, Anandaraj MP, 1995. Analysis of sickle cell gene using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme Bsu 361. Indian J Med Res 101 :273–276.
-
21
Chougnet C, Lepers J, Astagneau P, Rason M, Savel J, Deloron P, 1991. Lymphoproliferative responses to synthetic peptides from merozoite ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and circumsporozoite protein: a longitudinal study during a falciparum malaria episode. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :560–566.
-
22
Fidock DA, Gras-Masse H, Lepers JP, Brahimi K, Benmohamed L, Mellouk S, Guerin-Marchand C, Londono A, Raharimalala L, Meis JF, Langsley G, Roussilhon C, Tartar A, Druilhe P, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum liver stage antigen-1 is well conserved and contains potent B and T cell determinants. J Immunol 153 :190–204.
-
23
Kaslow DC, Hui G, Kumar S, 1994. Expression and antigenicity of Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein (MSP1(19)) variants secreted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biochem Parasitol 63 :283–289.
-
24
Bojang KA, Milligan PJ, Pinder M, Vigneron L, Alloueche A, Kester KE, Ballou WR, Conway DJ, Reece WH, Gothard P, Yamuah L, Delchambre M, Voss G, Greenwood BM, Hill A, McAdam KP, Tornieporth N, Cohen JD, Doherty T, 2001. Efficacy of RTS,S/AS02 malaria vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection in semi-immune adult men in The Gambia: a randomised trial. Lancet 358 :1927–1934.
-
25
Migot-Nabias F, Deloron P, Ringwald P, Dubois B, Mayombo J, Minh TN, Fievet N, Millet P, Luty A, 2000. Immune response to Plasmodium falciparum liver stage antigen-1: geographical variations within central Africa and their relationship with protection from clinical malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :557–562.
-
26
Scarselli E, Tolle R, Koita O, Diallo M, Muller H, Fruh K, Doumbo O, Crisanti A, Bujard H, 1993. Analysis of the human antibody response to thrombospondin-related anonymous protein of Plasmodium falciparum.Infect Immun 61 :3490–3495.
-
27
John CC, Ouma JH, Sumba PO, Hollingdale MR, Kazura JW, King CL, 2002. Lymphocyte proliferation and antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen-1 in a highland area of Kenya with seasonal variation in malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :372–378.
-
28
Chatterjee S, Wery M, Sharma P, Chauhan VS, 1995. A conserved peptide sequence of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein and antipeptide antibodies inhibit Plasmodium berghei sporozoite invasion of Hep-G2 cells and protect immunized mice against P. berghei sporozoite challenge. Infect Immun 63 :4375–4381.
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29
Muller H, Reckmann I, Hollingdale M, Bujard H, Robson K, Crisanti A, 1993. Thrombospondin related anonymous protein (TRAP) of Plasmodium falciparum binds specifically to sulfated glycoconjugates and to HepG2 hepatoma cells suggesting a role for this molecule in sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes. EMBO J 12 :2881–2889.
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30
Doolan DL, Hoffman SL, 2000. The complexity of protective immunity against liver-stage malaria. J Immunol 165 :1453–1462.
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31
Charoenvit Y, Majam VF, Corradin G, Sacci JB Jr, Wang R, Doolan DL, Jones TR, Abot E, Patarroyo ME, Guzman F, Hoffman SL, 1999. CD4(+) T-cell- and gamma interferon-dependent protection against murine malaria by immunization with linear synthetic peptides from a Plasmodium yoelii 17-kilodalton hepatocyte erythrocyte protein. Infect Immun 67 :5604–5614.
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32
Cerami C, Kwakye-Berko F, Nussenzweig V, 1992. Binding of malarial circumsporozoite protein to sulfatides [Gal(3-SO4)beta 1-Cer] and cholesterol-3-sulfate and its dependence on disulfide bond formation between cysteines in region II. Mol Biochem Parasitol 54 :1–12.
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Frevert U, Sinnis P, Cerami C, Shreffler W, Takacs B, Nussenzweig V, 1993. Malaria circumsporozoite protein binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans associated with the surface membrane of hepatocytes. J Exp Med 177 :1287–1298.
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34
Kurtis JD, Hollingdale MR, Luty AJ, Lanar DE, Krzych U, Duffy PE, 2001. Pre-erythrocytic immunity to Plasmodium falciparum: the case for an LSA-1 vaccine. Trends Parasitol 17 :219–223.
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Florens L, Washburn MP, Raine JD, Anthony RM, Grainger M, Haynes JD, Moch JK, Muster N, Sacci JB, Tabb DL, Witney AA, Wolters D, Wu Y, Gardner MJ, Holder AA, Sinden RE, Yates JR, Carucci DJ, 2002. A proteomic view of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle. Nature 419 :520–526.
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Silvie O, Franetich JF, Charrin S, Mueller MS, Siau A, Bodescot M, Rubinstein E, Hannoun L, Charoenvit Y, Kocken CH, Thomas AW, van Gemert GJ, Sauerwein RW, Blackman MJ, Anders RF, Pluschke G, Mazier D, 2004. A role for apical membrane antigen 1 during invasion of hepatocytes by Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. J Biol Chem 279 :9490–9496.
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Gruner AC, Brahimi K, Letourneur F, Renia L, Eling W, Snounou G, Druilhe P, 2001. Expression of the erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 in sporozoites and in liver stages of Plasmodium falciparum.J Infect Dis 184 :892–897.
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38
Branch OH, Udhayakumar V, Hightower AW, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, Nahlen BL, Bloland PB, Kaslow DC, Lal AA, 1998. A longitudinal investigation of IgG and IgM antibody responses to the merozoite surface protein-1 19-kiloDalton domain of Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women and infants: associations with febrile illness, parasitemia, and anemia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :211–219.
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39
Cavanagh DR, Dodoo D, Hviid L, Kurtzhals JA, Theander TG, Akanmori BD, Polley S, Conway DJ, Koram K, McBride JS, 2004. Antibodies to the N-terminal block 2 of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 are associated with protection against clinical malaria. Infect Immun 72 :6492–6502.
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40
Egan A, Morris J, Barnish G, Allen S, Greenwood B, Kaslow D, Holder A, Riley E, 1996. Clinical immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with serum antibodies to the 19-kDa C-terminal fragment of the merozoite surface antigen, PfMSP-1. J Infect Dis 173 :765–769.
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Perraut R, Marrama L, Diouf B, Sokhna C, Tall A, Nabeth P, Trape JF, Longacre S, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2005. Antibodies to the conserved C-terminal domain of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 and to the merozoite extract and their relationship with in vitro inhibitory antibodies and protection against clinical malaria in a Senegalese village. J Infect Dis 191 :264–271.
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CORRELATION OF HIGH LEVELS OF ANTIBODIES TO MULTIPLE PRE-ERYTHROCYTIC PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ANTIGENS AND PROTECTION FROM INFECTION
CHANDY C. JOHN
CHANDY C. JOHN
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Rainbow Center for International Child Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kenya; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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ANN M. MOORMANN
ANN M. MOORMANN
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Rainbow Center for International Child Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kenya; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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DANIEL C. PREGIBON
DANIEL C. PREGIBON
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Rainbow Center for International Child Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kenya; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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PETER ODADA SUMBA
PETER ODADA SUMBA
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Rainbow Center for International Child Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kenya; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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MARILYN M. MCHUGH
MARILYN M. MCHUGH
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Rainbow Center for International Child Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kenya; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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DAVID L. NARUM
DAVID L. NARUM
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Rainbow Center for International Child Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kenya; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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DAVID E. LANAR
DAVID E. LANAR
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Rainbow Center for International Child Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kenya; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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MARK D. SCHLUCHTER
MARK D. SCHLUCHTER
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Rainbow Center for International Child Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kenya; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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JAMES W. KAZURA
JAMES W. KAZURA
Center for Global Health and Diseases, Rainbow Center for International Child Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kenya; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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High levels of antibodies to multiple antigens may be more strongly associated with protection from infection than antibodies to a single antigen. Antibody-associated protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection was assessed in a cohort of 68 adults living in an area of holoendemic malaria in Kenya. Antibodies to the pre-erythrocytic antigens circumsporozoite protein (CSP), liver-stage antigen-1 (LSA-1), thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP), and blood-stage antigens apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1), erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (EBA-175), and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) were tested. Peptides were used for CSP (NANP repeat) and LSA-1 (central repeat), and recombinant antigens were used for TRAP (aa D48–K394), AMA-1 (ectodomain, non-glycosylated), EBA-175 (non-glycosylated), and MSP-1 (MSP-119). Weekly microscopy testing for P. falciparum infection was performed over a 12-week period after drug-mediated clearance of P. falciparum parasitemia. Individuals with high levels of IgG antibodies (> 2 arbitrary units) to CSP, LSA-1, and TRAP had a 57% decrease in the risk of infection (95% confidence interval = 20–77%, P = 0.016). This decreased risk remained significant after adjustment for age, prior parasitemia, bed net use, sickle cell trait, and village of residence. In contrast, protection against infection did not correlate with high levels of IgG antibodies to blood-stage antigens or IgM antibodies to pre-erythrocytic or blood-stage antigens. High levels of IgG antibodies to CSP, LSA-1, and TRAP may be useful immune correlates of protection against P. falciparum infection in malaria-endemic populations.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Study site and participants.
- Treatment reinfection study.
- Informed consent and ethical approval.
- Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction testing for P. falciparum infection and the hemoglobin S (HbS) mutation (sickle cell trait).
- Antibody testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
- Statistical analysis.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Doolan DL, Sedegah M, Hedstrom RC, Hobart P, Charoenvit Y, Hoffman SL, 1996. Circumventing genetic restriction of protection against malaria with multigene DNA immunization: CD8+ cell-, interferon gamma-, and nitric oxide-dependent immunity. J Exp Med 183 :1739–1746.
-
2
Charoenvit Y, Fallarme V, Rogers W, Sacci JJ, Kaur M, Aguiar J, Yuan L, Corradin G, Andersen E, Wizel B, Houghten R, Oloo A, De lVP, Hoffman S, 1997. Development of two mono-clonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein 2 and mapping of B-cell epitopes. Infect Immun 65 :3430–3437.
-
3
Egan J, Hoffman S, Haynes J, Sadoff J, Schneider I, Grau G, Hollingdale M, Ballou W, Gordon D, 1993. Humoral immune responses in volunteers immunized with irradiated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :166–173.
-
4
Muller HM, Scarselli E, Crisanti A, 1993. Thrombospondin related anonymous protein (TRAP) of Plasmodium falciparum in parasite-host cell interactions. Parassitologia 35 (Suppl):69–72.
-
5
Potocnjak P, Yoshida N, Nussenzweig R, Nussenzweig V, 1980. Monovalent fragments (Fab) of monoclonal antibodies to a sporozoite surface antigen (Pb44) protect mice against malarial infection. J Exp Med 151 :1504–1513.
-
6
Sedegah M, Hedstrom R, Hobart P, Hoffman S, 1994. Protection against malaria by immunization with plasmid DNA encoding circumsporozoite protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 :9866–9870.
-
7
Sultan AA, 1999. Molecular mechanisms of malaria sporozoite motility and invasion of host cells. Int Microbiol 2 :155–160.
-
8
Stoute JA, Kester KE, Krzych U, Wellde BT, Hall T, White K, Glenn G, Ockenhouse CF, Garcon N, Schwenk R, Lanar DE, Sun P, Momin P, Wirtz RA, Golenda C, Slaoui M, Wortmann G, Holland C, Dowler M, Cohen J, Ballou WR, 1998. Long-term efficacy and immune responses following immunization with the RTS,S malaria vaccine. J Infect Dis 178 :1139–1144.
-
9
Stoute JA, Slaoui M, Heppner DG, Momin P, Kester KE, Desmons P, Wellde BT, Garcon N, Krzych U, Marchand M, 1997. A preliminary evaluation of a recombinant circumsporozoite protein vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. RTS,S Malaria Vaccine Evaluation Group. N Engl J Med 336 :86–91.
-
10
Kurtis JD, Lanar DE, Opollo M, Duffy PE, 1999. Interleukin-10 responses to liver-stage antigen 1 predict human resistance to Plasmodium falciparum.Infect Immun 67 :3424–3429.
-
11
Luty AJ, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Herbich K, Schmid D, Migot-Nabias F, Deloron P, Nussenzweig RS, Kremsner PG, 1999. Interferon-gamma responses are associated with resistance to reinfection with Plasmodium falciparum in young African children. J Infect Dis 179 :980–988.
-
12
Luty AJ, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Herbich K, Schmid D, Ulbert S, Migot-Nabias F, Dubois B, Deloron P, Kremsner PG, 1998. Parasite antigen-specific interleukin-10 and antibody reponses predict accelerated parasite clearance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Eur Cytokine Netw 9 :639–646.
-
13
Connelly M, King CL, Bucci K, Walters S, Genton B, Alpers MP, Hollingdale M, Kazura JW, 1997. T-cell immunity to peptide epitopes of liver-stage antigen 1 in an area of Papua New Guinea in which malaria is holoendemic. Infect Immun 65 :5082–5087.
-
14
John CC, Sumba PO, Ouma JH, Nahlen BL, King CL, Kazura JW, 2000. Cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 1 vary in rainy and dry seasons in highland Kenya. Infect Immun 68 :5198–5204.
-
15
Reece WH, Pinder M, Gothard PK, Milligan P, Bojang K, Doherty T, Plebanski M, Akinwunmi P, Everaere S, Watkins KR, Voss G, Tornieporth N, Alloueche A, Greenwood BM, Kester KE, McAdam KP, Cohen J, Hill AV, 2004. A CD4(+) T-cell immune response to a conserved epitope in the circum-sporozoite protein correlates with protection from natural Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease. Nat Med 10 :406–410.
-
16
John CC, Zickafoose JS, Sumba PO, King CL, Kazura JW, 2003. Antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum antigens circum-sporozoite protein, thrombospondin-related adhesive protein, and liver-stage antigen 1 vary by ages of subjects and by season in a highland area of Kenya. Infect Immun 71 :4320–4325.
-
17
John CC, Moormann AM, Sumba PO, Ofulla AV, Pregibon DC, Kazura JW, 2004. Gamma interferon responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 1 and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein and their relationship to age, transmission intensity, and protection against malaria. Infect Immun 72 :5135–5142.
-
18
John CC, O’Donnell RA, Sumba PO, Moormann AM, de Koning-Ward TF, King CL, Kazura JW, Crabb BS, 2004. Evidence that invasion-inhibitory antibodies specific for the 19-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1 19) can play a protective role against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum infection in individuals in a malaria endemic area of Africa. J Immunol 173 :666–672.
-
19
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol 58 :283–292.
-
20
Husain SM, Kalavathi P, Anandaraj MP, 1995. Analysis of sickle cell gene using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme Bsu 361. Indian J Med Res 101 :273–276.
-
21
Chougnet C, Lepers J, Astagneau P, Rason M, Savel J, Deloron P, 1991. Lymphoproliferative responses to synthetic peptides from merozoite ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and circumsporozoite protein: a longitudinal study during a falciparum malaria episode. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :560–566.
-
22
Fidock DA, Gras-Masse H, Lepers JP, Brahimi K, Benmohamed L, Mellouk S, Guerin-Marchand C, Londono A, Raharimalala L, Meis JF, Langsley G, Roussilhon C, Tartar A, Druilhe P, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum liver stage antigen-1 is well conserved and contains potent B and T cell determinants. J Immunol 153 :190–204.
-
23
Kaslow DC, Hui G, Kumar S, 1994. Expression and antigenicity of Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein (MSP1(19)) variants secreted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biochem Parasitol 63 :283–289.
-
24
Bojang KA, Milligan PJ, Pinder M, Vigneron L, Alloueche A, Kester KE, Ballou WR, Conway DJ, Reece WH, Gothard P, Yamuah L, Delchambre M, Voss G, Greenwood BM, Hill A, McAdam KP, Tornieporth N, Cohen JD, Doherty T, 2001. Efficacy of RTS,S/AS02 malaria vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection in semi-immune adult men in The Gambia: a randomised trial. Lancet 358 :1927–1934.
-
25
Migot-Nabias F, Deloron P, Ringwald P, Dubois B, Mayombo J, Minh TN, Fievet N, Millet P, Luty A, 2000. Immune response to Plasmodium falciparum liver stage antigen-1: geographical variations within central Africa and their relationship with protection from clinical malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :557–562.
-
26
Scarselli E, Tolle R, Koita O, Diallo M, Muller H, Fruh K, Doumbo O, Crisanti A, Bujard H, 1993. Analysis of the human antibody response to thrombospondin-related anonymous protein of Plasmodium falciparum.Infect Immun 61 :3490–3495.
-
27
John CC, Ouma JH, Sumba PO, Hollingdale MR, Kazura JW, King CL, 2002. Lymphocyte proliferation and antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen-1 in a highland area of Kenya with seasonal variation in malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :372–378.
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28
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