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ProCite
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Reference Manager
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-
1
Calisher CH, Murphy FA, France JK, Lazuick JS, Muth DJ, Steck F, Lindsey HS, Bauer SP, Buff EE, Schneider NJ, 1980. Everglades virus infection in man, 1975. South Med J 73 :1548.
-
2
Ventura AK, Buff EE, Ehrenkranz NJ, 1974. Human Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :507–512.
-
3
Ehrenkranz NJ, Sinclair MC, Buff E, Lyman DO, 1970. The natural occurrence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in the United States. N Engl J Med 282 :298–302.
-
4
Chamberlain RW, Sudia WD, Work TH, Coleman PH, New-house VF, Johnston JG Jr, 1969. Arbovirus studies in south Florida, with emphasis on Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Epidemiol 89 :197–210.
-
5
Sudia WD, Newhouse VF, Chappell WA, 1969. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-vector studies following a human case in Dade County, Florida, 1968. Mosquito News 29 :596–600.
-
6
Everglades National Park Facts, 2004. National Park Service. Available at http://www.nps.gov/ever/pphlml.facts.html.
-
7
Census 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
-
8
Oberste MS, Fraire M, Navarro R, Zepeda C, Zarate ML, Ludwig GV, Kondig JF, Weaver SC, Smith JF, Rico-Hesse R, 1998. Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :100–107.
-
9
Weaver SC, 1998. Recurrent emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Scheld WM, Hughes J, eds. Emerging Infections I. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 27–42.
-
10
USDA, 2003. Horse and Pony Inventory in Florida By County, 1997. Available at www.nass.usda.gov/census/census97/rankins/tbl49.pdf.
-
11
Weaver SC, Anishchenko M, Bowen R, Brault AC, Estrada-Franco JG, Fernandez Z, Greene I, Ortiz D, Paessler S, Powers AM, 2004. Genetic determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence. Arch Virol Suppl 18 :43–64.
-
12
Walton TE, Alvarez O Jr, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM, 1973. Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Infect Dis 128 :271–282.
-
13
Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, Boshell J, Navarro JC, 2004. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol 49 :141–174.
-
14
Brault AC, Powers AM, Weaver SC, 2002. Vector infection determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reside within the E2 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 76 :6387–6392.
-
15
Brault AC, Powers AM, Ortiz D, Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro R, Weaver SC, 2004. Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: Enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 :11344–11349.
-
16
Weaver SC, Scherer WF, Taylor CA, Castello DA, Cupp EW, 1986. Laboratory vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei for sympatric and allopatric Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :619–623.
-
17
Ferro C, Boshell J, Moncayo AC, Gonzalez M, Ahumada ML, Kang W, Weaver SC, 2003. Natural enzootic vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :49–54.
-
18
Kramer LD, Scherer WF, 1976. Vector competence of mosquitoes as a marker to distinguish Central American and Mexican epizootic from enzootic strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :336–346.
-
19
Turell MJ, Ludwig GV, Beaman JR, 1992. Transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by Aedes sollicitans and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 29 :62–65.
-
20
Sudia WD, Newhouse VF, Beadle ID, Miller DL, Johnston JG Jr, Young R, Calisher CH, Maness K, 1975. Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vector studies. Am J Epidemiol 101 :17–35.
-
21
Turell MJ, 1999. Vector competence of three Venezuelan mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for an epizootic IC strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 36 :407–409.
-
22
Ortiz DI, Weaver SC, 2004. Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection with epizootic (subtype IC) and enzootic (subtype ID) Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses: evidence for epizootic strain adaptation. J Med Entomol, 41 :987–993.
-
23
Barnett HC, 1960. The incrimination of arthropods as vectors of disease. Strouhal H, Beier M, eds. International Congress on Entomology, Herausgeber, Vienna, Austria, 341–345.
-
24
Clements A, 1988. Mosquito-host interactions, host-feeding patterns. The Biology of Mosquitoes. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
-
25
Edman JD, 1971. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. I. Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Mansonia, and Psorophora. J Med Entomol 8 :687–695.
-
26
Edman JD, 1974. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. 3. Culex (Culex) and Culex (Neoculex). J Med Entomol 11 :95– 104.
-
27
Nayar JK, 1985. Bionomics and Physiology of Aedes taeniorhynchus and Aedes sollicitans, The Salt Marsh Mosquitoes of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida.
-
28
Kline DL, Lemire GF, 1995. Field evaluation of heat as an added attractant to traps baited with carbon dioxide and octenol for Aedes taeniorhynchus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 11 :454–456.
-
29
Sudia WD, Lord RD, Newhouse VF, Miller DL, Kissling RE, 1971. Vector-host studies of an epizootic of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Guatemala, 1969. Am J Epidemiol 93 :137–143.
-
30
Sudia WD, Newhouse VF, 1975. Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America: a summary of virus-vector-host relationships. Am J Epidemiol 101 :1–13.
-
31
Miller BR, Monath TP, Tabachnick WJ, Ezike VI, 1989. Epidemic yellow fever caused by an incompetent mosquito vector. Trop Med Parasitol 40 :396–399.
-
32
Knight JW, Nayar JK, 1999. Colonization of Culex nigripalpus theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) by stimulation of mating using males of other mosquito species. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :72–73.
-
33
Darsie RF, Morris CD, 2000. Keys to the Adult Females and Fourth Instar Larvae of the Mosquitoes of Florida (Diptera, Culicidae): University of Florida, Fort Myers, FL.
-
34
Grieder FB, Vogel SN, 1999. Role of interferon and interferon regulatory factors in early protection against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. Virology 257 :106–118.
-
35
Sneider JM, Kinney RM, Tsuchiya KR, Trent DW, 1993. Molecular evidence that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) I-AB viruses are not evolutionary derivatives of enzootic VEE subtype I-E or II viruses. J Gen Virol 74 :519–523.
-
36
CDC, 1999. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 4th Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-
37
Coffey LL, Carrara AS, Paessler S, Haynie ML, Bradley RD, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2004. Experimental Everglades virus infection of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2182–2188.
-
38
Lennette DA, 1989. Cell Culture Procedures for Diagnostic Virology. Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlymydial Infections. Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
-
39
Wilkinson L, Hill MA, Vang E, 1992. SYSTAT Software, Inc. Evanston, IL.
-
40
Turell MJ, Romoser WS, 1994. Effect of the developmental stage at infection on the ability of adult Anopheles stephensi to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :448–451.
-
41
Scherer WF, Weaver SC, Taylor CA, Cupp EW, 1986. Vector incompetency: its implication in the disappearance of epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus from Middle America. J Med Entomol 23 :23–29.
-
42
Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Navarro R, Romero G, Estrada-Franco JG, 2003. Vector competence of Mexican and Honduran mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for enzootic (IE) and epizootic (IC) strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Med Entomol 40 :306–310.
-
43
Weaver SC, Bellew LA, Rico-Hesse R, 1992. Phylogenetic analysis of alphaviruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex and identification of the source of epizootic viruses. Virology 191 :282–290.
-
44
Powers AM, Oberste MS, Brault AC, Rico-Hesse R, Schmura SM, Smith JF, Kang W, Sweeney WP, Weaver SC, 1997. Repeated emergence of epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis from a single genotype of enzootic subtype ID virus. J Virol 71 :6697–6705.
-
45
Brault AC, Powers AM, Holmes EC, Woelk CH, Weaver SC, 2002. Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein are associated with the emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Virol 76 :1718–1730.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 21 | 21 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 297 | 118 | 0 |
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SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OCHLEROTATUS TAENIORHYNCHUS AND CULEX NIGRIPALPUS FOR EVERGLADES VIRUS
LARK L. COFFEY
LARK L. COFFEY
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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SCOTT C. WEAVER
SCOTT C. WEAVER
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
Search for other papers by SCOTT C. WEAVER in
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Everglades virus (EVEV), an alphavirus in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex, is a mosquito-borne human pathogen endemic to South Florida. Field isolations of EVEV from Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei and laboratory susceptibility experiments established this species as its primary vector. However, isolates of EVEV from Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and Culex nigripalpus, more abundant and widespread species in South Florida, suggested that they also transmit EVEV and could infect many people. We performed susceptibility experiments with F1 generation Oc. taeniorhynchus and Cx. nigripalpus to evaluate their permissiveness to EVEV infection. In contrast to the high degree of susceptibility of Cx. (Mel.) cedecei, Oc. taeniorhynchus and Cx. nigripalpus were relatively refractory to oral EVEV infection, indicating that they are probably not important vectors. Identification of vectors involved in enzootic EVEV transmission will assist in understanding potential changes in vector use that could accompany the emergence of epizootic or epidemic EVEV.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Calisher CH, Murphy FA, France JK, Lazuick JS, Muth DJ, Steck F, Lindsey HS, Bauer SP, Buff EE, Schneider NJ, 1980. Everglades virus infection in man, 1975. South Med J 73 :1548.
-
2
Ventura AK, Buff EE, Ehrenkranz NJ, 1974. Human Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :507–512.
-
3
Ehrenkranz NJ, Sinclair MC, Buff E, Lyman DO, 1970. The natural occurrence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in the United States. N Engl J Med 282 :298–302.
-
4
Chamberlain RW, Sudia WD, Work TH, Coleman PH, New-house VF, Johnston JG Jr, 1969. Arbovirus studies in south Florida, with emphasis on Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Epidemiol 89 :197–210.
-
5
Sudia WD, Newhouse VF, Chappell WA, 1969. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-vector studies following a human case in Dade County, Florida, 1968. Mosquito News 29 :596–600.
-
6
Everglades National Park Facts, 2004. National Park Service. Available at http://www.nps.gov/ever/pphlml.facts.html.
-
7
Census 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
-
8
Oberste MS, Fraire M, Navarro R, Zepeda C, Zarate ML, Ludwig GV, Kondig JF, Weaver SC, Smith JF, Rico-Hesse R, 1998. Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :100–107.
-
9
Weaver SC, 1998. Recurrent emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Scheld WM, Hughes J, eds. Emerging Infections I. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 27–42.
-
10
USDA, 2003. Horse and Pony Inventory in Florida By County, 1997. Available at www.nass.usda.gov/census/census97/rankins/tbl49.pdf.
-
11
Weaver SC, Anishchenko M, Bowen R, Brault AC, Estrada-Franco JG, Fernandez Z, Greene I, Ortiz D, Paessler S, Powers AM, 2004. Genetic determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence. Arch Virol Suppl 18 :43–64.
-
12
Walton TE, Alvarez O Jr, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM, 1973. Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Infect Dis 128 :271–282.
-
13
Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, Boshell J, Navarro JC, 2004. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol 49 :141–174.
-
14
Brault AC, Powers AM, Weaver SC, 2002. Vector infection determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reside within the E2 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 76 :6387–6392.
-
15
Brault AC, Powers AM, Ortiz D, Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro R, Weaver SC, 2004. Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: Enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 :11344–11349.
-
16
Weaver SC, Scherer WF, Taylor CA, Castello DA, Cupp EW, 1986. Laboratory vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei for sympatric and allopatric Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :619–623.
-
17
Ferro C, Boshell J, Moncayo AC, Gonzalez M, Ahumada ML, Kang W, Weaver SC, 2003. Natural enzootic vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :49–54.
-
18
Kramer LD, Scherer WF, 1976. Vector competence of mosquitoes as a marker to distinguish Central American and Mexican epizootic from enzootic strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :336–346.
-
19
Turell MJ, Ludwig GV, Beaman JR, 1992. Transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by Aedes sollicitans and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 29 :62–65.
-
20
Sudia WD, Newhouse VF, Beadle ID, Miller DL, Johnston JG Jr, Young R, Calisher CH, Maness K, 1975. Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vector studies. Am J Epidemiol 101 :17–35.
-
21
Turell MJ, 1999. Vector competence of three Venezuelan mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for an epizootic IC strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 36 :407–409.
-
22
Ortiz DI, Weaver SC, 2004. Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection with epizootic (subtype IC) and enzootic (subtype ID) Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses: evidence for epizootic strain adaptation. J Med Entomol, 41 :987–993.
-
23
Barnett HC, 1960. The incrimination of arthropods as vectors of disease. Strouhal H, Beier M, eds. International Congress on Entomology, Herausgeber, Vienna, Austria, 341–345.
-
24
Clements A, 1988. Mosquito-host interactions, host-feeding patterns. The Biology of Mosquitoes. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
-
25
Edman JD, 1971. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. I. Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Mansonia, and Psorophora. J Med Entomol 8 :687–695.
-
26
Edman JD, 1974. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. 3. Culex (Culex) and Culex (Neoculex). J Med Entomol 11 :95– 104.
-
27
Nayar JK, 1985. Bionomics and Physiology of Aedes taeniorhynchus and Aedes sollicitans, The Salt Marsh Mosquitoes of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida.
-
28
Kline DL, Lemire GF, 1995. Field evaluation of heat as an added attractant to traps baited with carbon dioxide and octenol for Aedes taeniorhynchus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 11 :454–456.
-
29
Sudia WD, Lord RD, Newhouse VF, Miller DL, Kissling RE, 1971. Vector-host studies of an epizootic of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Guatemala, 1969. Am J Epidemiol 93 :137–143.
-
30
Sudia WD, Newhouse VF, 1975. Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America: a summary of virus-vector-host relationships. Am J Epidemiol 101 :1–13.
-
31
Miller BR, Monath TP, Tabachnick WJ, Ezike VI, 1989. Epidemic yellow fever caused by an incompetent mosquito vector. Trop Med Parasitol 40 :396–399.
-
32
Knight JW, Nayar JK, 1999. Colonization of Culex nigripalpus theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) by stimulation of mating using males of other mosquito species. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :72–73.
-
33
Darsie RF, Morris CD, 2000. Keys to the Adult Females and Fourth Instar Larvae of the Mosquitoes of Florida (Diptera, Culicidae): University of Florida, Fort Myers, FL.
-
34
Grieder FB, Vogel SN, 1999. Role of interferon and interferon regulatory factors in early protection against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. Virology 257 :106–118.
-
35
Sneider JM, Kinney RM, Tsuchiya KR, Trent DW, 1993. Molecular evidence that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) I-AB viruses are not evolutionary derivatives of enzootic VEE subtype I-E or II viruses. J Gen Virol 74 :519–523.
-
36
CDC, 1999. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 4th Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-
37
Coffey LL, Carrara AS, Paessler S, Haynie ML, Bradley RD, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2004. Experimental Everglades virus infection of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2182–2188.
-
38
Lennette DA, 1989. Cell Culture Procedures for Diagnostic Virology. Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlymydial Infections. Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
-
39
Wilkinson L, Hill MA, Vang E, 1992. SYSTAT Software, Inc. Evanston, IL.
-
40
Turell MJ, Romoser WS, 1994. Effect of the developmental stage at infection on the ability of adult Anopheles stephensi to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :448–451.
-
41
Scherer WF, Weaver SC, Taylor CA, Cupp EW, 1986. Vector incompetency: its implication in the disappearance of epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus from Middle America. J Med Entomol 23 :23–29.
-
42
Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Navarro R, Romero G, Estrada-Franco JG, 2003. Vector competence of Mexican and Honduran mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for enzootic (IE) and epizootic (IC) strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Med Entomol 40 :306–310.
-
43
Weaver SC, Bellew LA, Rico-Hesse R, 1992. Phylogenetic analysis of alphaviruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex and identification of the source of epizootic viruses. Virology 191 :282–290.
-
44
Powers AM, Oberste MS, Brault AC, Rico-Hesse R, Schmura SM, Smith JF, Kang W, Sweeney WP, Weaver SC, 1997. Repeated emergence of epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis from a single genotype of enzootic subtype ID virus. J Virol 71 :6697–6705.
-
45
Brault AC, Powers AM, Holmes EC, Woelk CH, Weaver SC, 2002. Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein are associated with the emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Virol 76 :1718–1730.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 21 | 21 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 297 | 118 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 64 | 31 | 0 |