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1
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2002. Refugees by Numbers 2002. Available at http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=VISITORS&id=3c149b007. Accessed April 18, 2003.
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2
U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2003. Refugees, Asylees Fiscal Year 2001. Available at http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/aboutus/statistics/Yearbook2001.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2003.
-
3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Medical Examinations of Aliens (Refugees and Immigrants). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/health.htm. Accessed November 19, 2002.
-
4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Instructions to Panel Physicians for Completing New US Department of State—Medical Examination for Immigrant or Refugee Applicant (DS-2053) and Associated Worksheets (DS-3024, DS-3025, and DS-3026). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/pdf/ds-forms-instructions.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2003.
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5
Miller JM, Boyd HA, Ostrowski SR, Cookson ST, Parise ME, Gonzaga PS, Addiss DG, Wilson M, Nguyen-Dinh P, Wahlquist SP, Weld LH, Wainwright RB, Gushulak BD, Cetron MS, 2000. Malaria, intestinal parasites, and schistosomiasis among Barawan Somali refugees resettling to the United States: a strategy to reduce morbidity and decrease the risk of imported infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :115–121.
-
6
Greenberg AE, Lobel HO, 1990. Mortality from Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travelers from the United States, 1959 to 1987. Ann Intern Med 113 :326–327.
-
7
Mundy SB, White AC Jr, Hines JS, Marino BJ, Young EJ, 1996. Mosquito-transmitted malaria acquired in Texas. South Med J 89 :616–618.
-
8
MacArthur JR, Holtz TH, Jenkins J, Newell JP, Koehler JE, Parise ME, Kachur SP, 2001. Probable locally acquired mosquito-transmitted malaria in Georgia, 1999. Clin Infect Dis 32 :E124–E128.
-
9
Brook JH, Genese CA, Bloland PB, Zucker JR, Spitalny KC, 1994. Brief report: malaria probably locally acquired in New Jersey. N Engl J Med 331 :22–23.
-
10
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000. Probable locally acquired mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection—Suffolk County, New York, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49 :495–498.
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11
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Local transmission of Plasmodium vivax malaria—Palm Beach County, Florida, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :908–911.
-
12
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993. Malaria in Montagnard refugees—North Carolina, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42 :180–183.
-
13
Paxton LA, Slutsker L, Schultz LJ, Luby SP, Meriwether R, Matson P, Sulzer AJ, 1996. Imported malaria in Montagnard refugees settling in North Carolina: implications for prevention and control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :54–57.
-
14
Slutsker L, Tipple M, Keane V, McCance C, Campbell CC, 1995. Malaria in east African refugees resettling to the United States: development of strategies to reduce the risk of imported malaria. J Infect Dis 171 :489–493.
-
15
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu X, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario V, Thaithong S, Brown K, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61 :315–320.
-
16
World Health Organization, 2001. Roll Back Malaria in the WHO Western Pacific Region—Status in early 2001. Available at http://mosquito.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/014/713/wpr.htm. Accessed January 17, 2003.
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17
World Health Organization, 2002. Malaria, Other Vectorborne and Parasitic Diseases—Country Profiles—Cambodia. Available at http://www.wpro.who.int/themes_focuses/theme1/focus2/t1f2cambodia.asp. Accessed August 15, 2002.
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18
World Health Organization, 2002. Malaria, Other Vectorborne and Parasitic Diseases – Country Profiles—Vietnam. Available at http://www.wpro.who.int/themes_focuses/theme1/focus2/t1f2vietnam.asp. Accessed May 8, 2002.
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19
Moody A, 2002. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 :66–78.
-
20
World Health Organization, 2000. New Perspectives in Malaria Diagnosis. Report of a Joint WHO/USAID Informal Consultation, October 25–27, 1999. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–57.
-
21
Premji Z, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ, 1994. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria by village health workers using the rapid manual Para-Sight-F test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :418.
-
22
Coleman RE, Maneechai N, Rachapaew N, Kumpitak C, Soyseng V, Miller RS, Thimasarn K, Sattabongkot J, 2002. Field evaluation of the ICT Malaria Pf/Pv immunochromatographic test for the detection of asymptomatic malaria in a Plasmodium falciparum/vivax endemic area in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :379–383.
-
23
World Health Organization, 2003. Malaria Rapid Diagnosis—Making It Work. Meeting Report January 20–23, 2003. Geneva: World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific.
-
24
Rubio JM, Buhigas I, Subirats M, Baquero M, Puente S, Benito A, 2001. Limited level of accuracy provided by available rapid diagnosis tests for malaria enhances the need for PCR-based reference laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 39 :2736–2737.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 23 | 23 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 256 | 76 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 46 | 17 | 1 |
RAPID MALARIA SCREENING AND TARGETED TREATMENT OF UNITED STATES–BOUND MONTAGNARD REFUGEES FROM CAMBODIA IN 2002
LOUISE M. CAUSER
LOUISE M. CAUSER
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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HENRY S. BISHOP
HENRY S. BISHOP
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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DONALD J. SHARP
DONALD J. SHARP
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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ELAINE W. FLAGG
ELAINE W. FLAGG
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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JAIME F. CALDERON
JAIME F. CALDERON
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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VINCENT KEANE
VINCENT KEANE
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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J. JINA SHAH
J. JINA SHAH
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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JOHN R. MACARTHUR
JOHN R. MACARTHUR
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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SUSAN A. MALONEY
SUSAN A. MALONEY
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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MARTIN S. CETRON
MARTIN S. CETRON
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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PETER B. BLOLAND
PETER B. BLOLAND
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Organization for Migration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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In 2002, a group of Montagnard refugees living in Cambodia was accepted for resettlement in the United States. Pre-departure malaria screening and targeted treatment was conducted to prevent morbidity, and minimize the potential for local malaria transmission post-arrival. We screened 902 of 906 refugees using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Twelve (1.3%) RDT results were positive and 28 (3.1%) were indeterminate. Microscopy confirmed Plasmodium species in two of the positive RDT and one of the indeterminate results. Among a random 10% sample of negative RDT results (n = 86), none were positive by microscopy. The PCR confirmed the two microscopically (and RDT) positive specimens. The PCR result was negative for all other specimens tested. Eighteen (2.0%) refugees were treated with antimalarials. The RDTs were useful in this setting, facilitating timely, sensitive diagnosis and targeted treatment. Evaluations to determine the most appropriate interventions in other refugee settings should include cost-effectiveness analyses of alternative strategies.
Author Notes
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-
1
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2002. Refugees by Numbers 2002. Available at http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=VISITORS&id=3c149b007. Accessed April 18, 2003.
-
2
U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2003. Refugees, Asylees Fiscal Year 2001. Available at http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/aboutus/statistics/Yearbook2001.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2003.
-
3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Medical Examinations of Aliens (Refugees and Immigrants). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/health.htm. Accessed November 19, 2002.
-
4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Instructions to Panel Physicians for Completing New US Department of State—Medical Examination for Immigrant or Refugee Applicant (DS-2053) and Associated Worksheets (DS-3024, DS-3025, and DS-3026). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/pdf/ds-forms-instructions.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2003.
-
5
Miller JM, Boyd HA, Ostrowski SR, Cookson ST, Parise ME, Gonzaga PS, Addiss DG, Wilson M, Nguyen-Dinh P, Wahlquist SP, Weld LH, Wainwright RB, Gushulak BD, Cetron MS, 2000. Malaria, intestinal parasites, and schistosomiasis among Barawan Somali refugees resettling to the United States: a strategy to reduce morbidity and decrease the risk of imported infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :115–121.
-
6
Greenberg AE, Lobel HO, 1990. Mortality from Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travelers from the United States, 1959 to 1987. Ann Intern Med 113 :326–327.
-
7
Mundy SB, White AC Jr, Hines JS, Marino BJ, Young EJ, 1996. Mosquito-transmitted malaria acquired in Texas. South Med J 89 :616–618.
-
8
MacArthur JR, Holtz TH, Jenkins J, Newell JP, Koehler JE, Parise ME, Kachur SP, 2001. Probable locally acquired mosquito-transmitted malaria in Georgia, 1999. Clin Infect Dis 32 :E124–E128.
-
9
Brook JH, Genese CA, Bloland PB, Zucker JR, Spitalny KC, 1994. Brief report: malaria probably locally acquired in New Jersey. N Engl J Med 331 :22–23.
-
10
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000. Probable locally acquired mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection—Suffolk County, New York, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49 :495–498.
-
11
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Local transmission of Plasmodium vivax malaria—Palm Beach County, Florida, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :908–911.
-
12
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993. Malaria in Montagnard refugees—North Carolina, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42 :180–183.
-
13
Paxton LA, Slutsker L, Schultz LJ, Luby SP, Meriwether R, Matson P, Sulzer AJ, 1996. Imported malaria in Montagnard refugees settling in North Carolina: implications for prevention and control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :54–57.
-
14
Slutsker L, Tipple M, Keane V, McCance C, Campbell CC, 1995. Malaria in east African refugees resettling to the United States: development of strategies to reduce the risk of imported malaria. J Infect Dis 171 :489–493.
-
15
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu X, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario V, Thaithong S, Brown K, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61 :315–320.
-
16
World Health Organization, 2001. Roll Back Malaria in the WHO Western Pacific Region—Status in early 2001. Available at http://mosquito.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/014/713/wpr.htm. Accessed January 17, 2003.
-
17
World Health Organization, 2002. Malaria, Other Vectorborne and Parasitic Diseases—Country Profiles—Cambodia. Available at http://www.wpro.who.int/themes_focuses/theme1/focus2/t1f2cambodia.asp. Accessed August 15, 2002.
-
18
World Health Organization, 2002. Malaria, Other Vectorborne and Parasitic Diseases – Country Profiles—Vietnam. Available at http://www.wpro.who.int/themes_focuses/theme1/focus2/t1f2vietnam.asp. Accessed May 8, 2002.
-
19
Moody A, 2002. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 :66–78.
-
20
World Health Organization, 2000. New Perspectives in Malaria Diagnosis. Report of a Joint WHO/USAID Informal Consultation, October 25–27, 1999. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–57.
-
21
Premji Z, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ, 1994. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria by village health workers using the rapid manual Para-Sight-F test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :418.
-
22
Coleman RE, Maneechai N, Rachapaew N, Kumpitak C, Soyseng V, Miller RS, Thimasarn K, Sattabongkot J, 2002. Field evaluation of the ICT Malaria Pf/Pv immunochromatographic test for the detection of asymptomatic malaria in a Plasmodium falciparum/vivax endemic area in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :379–383.
-
23
World Health Organization, 2003. Malaria Rapid Diagnosis—Making It Work. Meeting Report January 20–23, 2003. Geneva: World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific.
-
24
Rubio JM, Buhigas I, Subirats M, Baquero M, Puente S, Benito A, 2001. Limited level of accuracy provided by available rapid diagnosis tests for malaria enhances the need for PCR-based reference laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 39 :2736–2737.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 23 | 23 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 256 | 76 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 46 | 17 | 1 |