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MALARIA PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN ERITREA

DAVID M. SINTASATHHealth and Child Survival Fellows Program, Johns Hopkins University, USAID/Eritrea; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, D.C.; Environmental Health Project, Arlington, Virginia; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

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TEWOLDE GHEBREMESKELHealth and Child Survival Fellows Program, Johns Hopkins University, USAID/Eritrea; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, D.C.; Environmental Health Project, Arlington, Virginia; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

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MATTHEW LYNCHHealth and Child Survival Fellows Program, Johns Hopkins University, USAID/Eritrea; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, D.C.; Environmental Health Project, Arlington, Virginia; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

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ECKHARD KLEINAUHealth and Child Survival Fellows Program, Johns Hopkins University, USAID/Eritrea; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, D.C.; Environmental Health Project, Arlington, Virginia; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

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GUSTAVO BRETASHealth and Child Survival Fellows Program, Johns Hopkins University, USAID/Eritrea; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, D.C.; Environmental Health Project, Arlington, Virginia; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

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JOSEPHAT SHILILUHealth and Child Survival Fellows Program, Johns Hopkins University, USAID/Eritrea; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, D.C.; Environmental Health Project, Arlington, Virginia; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

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EUGENE BRANTLYHealth and Child Survival Fellows Program, Johns Hopkins University, USAID/Eritrea; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, D.C.; Environmental Health Project, Arlington, Virginia; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

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PATRICIA M. GRAVESHealth and Child Survival Fellows Program, Johns Hopkins University, USAID/Eritrea; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, D.C.; Environmental Health Project, Arlington, Virginia; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

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JOHN C. BEIERHealth and Child Survival Fellows Program, Johns Hopkins University, USAID/Eritrea; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, D.C.; Environmental Health Project, Arlington, Virginia; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

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A parasitological cross-sectional survey was undertaken from September 2000 through February 2001 to estimate the prevalence of malaria parasitemia in Eritrea. A total of 12,937 individuals from 176 villages were screened for both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasite species using the OptiMal Rapid Diagnostic Test. Malaria prevalence was generally low but highly focal and variable with the proportion of parasitemia at 2.2% (range: 0.4% to 6.5%). Despite no significant differences in age or sex-specific prevalence rates, 7% of households accounted for the positive cases and 90% of these were P. falciparum. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that mud walls were positively associated with malaria infection (OR [odds ratio] = 1.6 [95% CI: 1.2, 2.2], P < 0.008). For countries with low and seasonal malaria transmission, such information can help programs design improved strategic interventions.

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