Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis – New York, 1999. MMWR 48 :845–849.
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigraphy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286 :2333–2337.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Update: West Nile virus encephalitis – New York, 1999. MMWR 48 :944–946, 955.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. West Nile virus activity – United States, November 20–25, 2003. MMWR 52 :1160.
Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Marlenee NL, Gonzalez-Rojas JI, Komar N, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :853–856.
Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Burkhalter KL, Gubler DJ, Gonzálvez G, Peña CJ, Peterson AT, Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus transmission in resident birds, Dominican Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1299–1302.
Dupuis AP II, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus transmission, Jamaica, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :860–863.
Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Thiel JJ, 2000. Family Flaviviridae. Virus taxonomy. Van Regenmortel CM, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens E, Estes MK, Lemon S, Manilogg J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 859–878.
Mclean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
Ludwig GV, Calle PP, Mangiafico JA, Raphael BL, Danner DK, Hile JA, Clippinger TL, Smith JF, Cook RA, McNamara T, 2002. An outbreak of West Nile virus in a New York City captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :67–75.
Blitvich BJ, Bowen RA, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Bunning ML, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of West Nile virus antibodies in domestic mammals. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2676–2679.
Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Dohm DJ, Jones JW, 2001. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 38 :130–134.
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1385–1391.
Tempelis CH, 1975. Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes, with a review of advances in analysis of blood meals by serology. J Med Entomol 11 :635–653.
Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, French RA, Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Kumar A, West B, 2000. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3110–3111.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang G-JJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Docherty DE, Hansen WR, Sileo L, McNamara TS, 2001. West Nile virus transmission and ecology in birds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :54–57.
Trock SC, Meade BJ, Glaser AL, Ostlund EN, Lanciotti RS, Cropp BC, Kulasekera V, Kramer LD, Komar N, 2001. West Nile outbreak among horses in New York state, 1999 and 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :745–747.
Komar N, Panella NA, Boyce E, 2001. Exposure of domestic mammals to West Nile virus during an outbreak of human encephalitis, New York City, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :736–738.
Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mammals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :84–93.
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH III, Mayo DR, 2001. Characterization of West Nile virus from five species of mosquitoes, nine species of birds, and one mammal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :328–331.
Farajollahi A, Panella NA, Carr P, Crans W, Burguess K, Komar N, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in black bears (Ursus americanus) from New Jersey. J Wildl Dis 39 :894–896.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 89–212.
Komar N, Panella NA, Burns JE, Dusza SW, Mascarenhas TM, Talbot TO, 2001. Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during an outbreak in 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :621–625.
Kuno G, Chang G-JJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB, 1998. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol 72 :73–83.
Varelas-Wesley I, Calisher CH, 1982. Antigenic relationships of flaviviruses with undetermined arthropod-borne status. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1273–1284.
Kiupel M, Simmons HA, Fitzgerald SD, Wise A, Sikarskie JG, Cooley TM, Hollamby SR, Maes R, 2003. West Nile virus infection in eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Vet Pathol 40 :703–707.
Heinz-Taheny KM, Andrews JJ, Kinsel MJ, Pessier AP, Pinkerton ME, Lemberger KY, Novak RJ, Dizikes GJ, Edwards E, Komar N, 2004. West Nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in Illinois. J Vet Diagn Invest 16 :186–190.
Bosak PJ, Reed LM, Crans WJ, 2001. Habitat preference of host-seeking Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) in relation to birds and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in New Jersey. J Vector Ecol 26 :103–109.
Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Main AJ, Kline DL, 2004. Prevalence of West Nile virus in tree canopy-inhabiting Culex pipiens and associated mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :112–119.
Crans WJ, Crans SC, 1998. Aedes thibaulti in northern New Jersey. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14 :348–350.
Sixl W, Stunzner D, Withalm H, 1988. Serological examination for antibodies against West Nile virus, Semlikivirus and Chikungunyavirus in laboratory mice, parasitized by nidicole fauna from swallow’s nests. Geogr Med Suppl 1 :51–55.
Apperson CS, Harrison BA, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Irby WS, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Watson DW, Rueda LM, Engber BR, Nasci RS, 2002. Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 39 :777–785.
Blackburn NK, Reyers F, Berry WL, Shepherd AJ, 1989. Susceptibility of dogs to West Nile virus: a survey and pathogenicity trial. J Comp Pathol 100 :59–66.
Abbassy MM, Osman M, Marzouk AS, 1993. West Nile virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) in experimentally infected Argas ticks (Acari: Argasidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :726–737.
Komar N, 2000. West Nile viral encephalitis. Rev Sci Tech 19 :166–176.
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Serosurveys were conducted to obtain flavivirus and West Nile virus (WNV) seroprevalence data from mammals. Sera from 513 small- and medium-sized mammals collected during late summer and fall 2003 from Colorado, Louisiana, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania were screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies. Sera samples containing antibody to flaviviruses were screened for WNV-specific antibodies by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and confirmed with plaque reduction neutralization tests. Prevalence of WNV antibodies among study sites ranged from 0% to 42.8% among the mammal communities sampled. High prevalence rates for WNV were noted among raccoons (100%, with a very small sample size, N = 2), Virginia opossums (50.0%), fox squirrels (49.1%), and eastern gray squirrels (48.3%). The high WNV antibody prevalence noted for tree squirrels, the peri-domestic tendencies of several of these species, and their ease of observation could make these species useful sentinels for monitoring WNV activity within urban communities.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis – New York, 1999. MMWR 48 :845–849.
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigraphy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286 :2333–2337.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. Update: West Nile virus encephalitis – New York, 1999. MMWR 48 :944–946, 955.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. West Nile virus activity – United States, November 20–25, 2003. MMWR 52 :1160.
Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Marlenee NL, Gonzalez-Rojas JI, Komar N, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :853–856.
Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Burkhalter KL, Gubler DJ, Gonzálvez G, Peña CJ, Peterson AT, Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus transmission in resident birds, Dominican Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1299–1302.
Dupuis AP II, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus transmission, Jamaica, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :860–863.
Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Thiel JJ, 2000. Family Flaviviridae. Virus taxonomy. Van Regenmortel CM, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens E, Estes MK, Lemon S, Manilogg J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 859–878.
Mclean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N, 2002. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :271–308.
Ludwig GV, Calle PP, Mangiafico JA, Raphael BL, Danner DK, Hile JA, Clippinger TL, Smith JF, Cook RA, McNamara T, 2002. An outbreak of West Nile virus in a New York City captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :67–75.
Blitvich BJ, Bowen RA, Marlenee NL, Hall RA, Bunning ML, Beaty BJ, 2003. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of West Nile virus antibodies in domestic mammals. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2676–2679.
Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Dohm DJ, Jones JW, 2001. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 38 :130–134.
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1385–1391.
Tempelis CH, 1975. Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes, with a review of advances in analysis of blood meals by serology. J Med Entomol 11 :635–653.
Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, French RA, Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Kumar A, West B, 2000. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3110–3111.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang G-JJ, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
McLean RG, Ubico SR, Docherty DE, Hansen WR, Sileo L, McNamara TS, 2001. West Nile virus transmission and ecology in birds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :54–57.
Trock SC, Meade BJ, Glaser AL, Ostlund EN, Lanciotti RS, Cropp BC, Kulasekera V, Kramer LD, Komar N, 2001. West Nile outbreak among horses in New York state, 1999 and 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :745–747.
Komar N, Panella NA, Boyce E, 2001. Exposure of domestic mammals to West Nile virus during an outbreak of human encephalitis, New York City, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :736–738.
Kramer LD, Bernard KA, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mammals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :84–93.
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH III, Mayo DR, 2001. Characterization of West Nile virus from five species of mosquitoes, nine species of birds, and one mammal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :328–331.
Farajollahi A, Panella NA, Carr P, Crans W, Burguess K, Komar N, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in black bears (Ursus americanus) from New Jersey. J Wildl Dis 39 :894–896.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 89–212.
Komar N, Panella NA, Burns JE, Dusza SW, Mascarenhas TM, Talbot TO, 2001. Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during an outbreak in 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :621–625.
Kuno G, Chang G-JJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB, 1998. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol 72 :73–83.
Varelas-Wesley I, Calisher CH, 1982. Antigenic relationships of flaviviruses with undetermined arthropod-borne status. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1273–1284.
Kiupel M, Simmons HA, Fitzgerald SD, Wise A, Sikarskie JG, Cooley TM, Hollamby SR, Maes R, 2003. West Nile virus infection in eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Vet Pathol 40 :703–707.
Heinz-Taheny KM, Andrews JJ, Kinsel MJ, Pessier AP, Pinkerton ME, Lemberger KY, Novak RJ, Dizikes GJ, Edwards E, Komar N, 2004. West Nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in Illinois. J Vet Diagn Invest 16 :186–190.
Bosak PJ, Reed LM, Crans WJ, 2001. Habitat preference of host-seeking Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) in relation to birds and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in New Jersey. J Vector Ecol 26 :103–109.
Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Main AJ, Kline DL, 2004. Prevalence of West Nile virus in tree canopy-inhabiting Culex pipiens and associated mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :112–119.
Crans WJ, Crans SC, 1998. Aedes thibaulti in northern New Jersey. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14 :348–350.
Sixl W, Stunzner D, Withalm H, 1988. Serological examination for antibodies against West Nile virus, Semlikivirus and Chikungunyavirus in laboratory mice, parasitized by nidicole fauna from swallow’s nests. Geogr Med Suppl 1 :51–55.
Apperson CS, Harrison BA, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Irby WS, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Watson DW, Rueda LM, Engber BR, Nasci RS, 2002. Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 39 :777–785.
Blackburn NK, Reyers F, Berry WL, Shepherd AJ, 1989. Susceptibility of dogs to West Nile virus: a survey and pathogenicity trial. J Comp Pathol 100 :59–66.
Abbassy MM, Osman M, Marzouk AS, 1993. West Nile virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) in experimentally infected Argas ticks (Acari: Argasidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :726–737.
Komar N, 2000. West Nile viral encephalitis. Rev Sci Tech 19 :166–176.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 675 | 623 | 55 |
Full Text Views | 249 | 7 | 4 |
PDF Downloads | 54 | 7 | 4 |