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-
1
CDC, 2003. West Nile Virus Activity in the United States (reported as of May 21, 2004). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount03_detailed.htm.
-
2
Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ, 2002. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :519ā529.
-
3
Eidson M, Kramer L, Stone W, Hagiwara Y, Schmit K, and the New York State West Nile Virus Avian Surveillance Team, 2001. Dead bird surveillance as an early warning system for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :631ā635.
-
4
Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Marlenee NL, Gonzalez-Rojas JI, Komar N, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 853ā856. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no7/03-0166.htm.
-
5
LoronĢo-Pino MA, Blitvich BJ, FarfaĢn-Ale JA, Puerto FI, Blanco JM, Marlenee NL, Rosado-Paredes EP, Garcia-Rejon JE, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Yucatan State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :857ā859.
-
6
Estrada-Franco J, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DWC, Coffey L, Carrara AS, Travassos da Rosa APA, Clements T, Wang E, Ludwig GV, Cortes AC, Ramirez PP, Tesh RB, Barrett ADT, Weaver SC, 2003. Isolation of West Nile virus in Mexico and serologic evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1604ā1607.
-
7
Blitvich BJ, FernaĢndez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, LoronĢo-Pino MA, Marlenee NL, DiĢaz FJ, GonzaĢlez-Rojas JI, ObregoĢn-MartiĢnez N, Chiu-GarciĢa JA, Black WC IV, Beaty BJ, 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile Virus, Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1314ā1317.
-
8
Hinman AR, McGowan JE Jr, Henderson BE, 1971. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis: surveys of human illness during an epizootic in Guatemala and El Salvador. Am J Epidemiol 93 :130ā136.
-
9
Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, Johnson AJ, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, 2000. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1823ā1826.
-
10
Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, Labowitz A, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, Campbell GL, 2003. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :376ā379.
-
11
Autorino GL, Battisti A, Deubel V, Ferrari G, Forletta R, Giovannini A, Lelli R, Murri S, Scicluna MT, 2002. West Nile virus epidemic in horses, Tuscany Region, Italy. EID 8 :1372ā1378.
-
12
Murgue B, Murri S, Zientara S, Durand B, Durand JP, Zeller H, 2001. West Nile outbreak in horses in Southern France, 2000: the return after 35 years. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :692ā696.
-
13
Hadler J, Nelson R, McCarthy T, Andreadis T, Lis MJ, French R, Beckwith W, Mayo D, Archambault G, Cartter M, 2001. West Nile virus surveillance in Connecticut in 2000: an intense epizootic without high risk for severe human disease. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :636ā642.
-
14
Tesh RB, Travassos da Rosa A, Guzman H, Araujo TP, Xiao SY, 2002. Immunization with heterologous flavivirus protective against fatal West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :245ā251.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 17 | 17 | 7 |
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SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF WEST NILE VIRUS ACTIVITY IN EL SALVADOR
LILIAN CRUZ
LILIAN CRUZ
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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VICTOR M. CARDENAS
VICTOR M. CARDENAS
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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MAURICIO ABARCA
MAURICIO ABARCA
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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TITO RODRIGUEZ
TITO RODRIGUEZ
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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ROBERTO FLORES REYNA
ROBERTO FLORES REYNA
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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MARIO V. SERPAS
MARIO V. SERPAS
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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ROBERT E. FONTAINE
ROBERT E. FONTAINE
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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DAVID W. C. BEASLEY
DAVID W. C. BEASLEY
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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AMELIA P. A. TRAVASSOS DA ROSA
AMELIA P. A. TRAVASSOS DA ROSA
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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SCOTT C. WEAVER
SCOTT C. WEAVER
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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ROBERT B. TESH
ROBERT B. TESH
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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ANN M. POWERS
ANN M. POWERS
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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GLORIA SUAREZ-RANGEL
GLORIA SUAREZ-RANGEL
Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, San Salvador, El Salvador; University of TexasāHouston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, El Paso, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of International Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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Epizootics of encephalitis in El Salvador killed 203 equines between November 2001 and April 2003. During an investigation of the outbreaks, 18 (25%) of 73 serum samples collected from stablemates of deceased animals in 2003 had antibodies to West Nile virus. Ten of these infections were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization tests, suggesting West Nile virus has extended its range and spread to Central America.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
CDC, 2003. West Nile Virus Activity in the United States (reported as of May 21, 2004). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount03_detailed.htm.
-
2
Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ, 2002. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :519ā529.
-
3
Eidson M, Kramer L, Stone W, Hagiwara Y, Schmit K, and the New York State West Nile Virus Avian Surveillance Team, 2001. Dead bird surveillance as an early warning system for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :631ā635.
-
4
Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Marlenee NL, Gonzalez-Rojas JI, Komar N, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 853ā856. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no7/03-0166.htm.
-
5
LoronĢo-Pino MA, Blitvich BJ, FarfaĢn-Ale JA, Puerto FI, Blanco JM, Marlenee NL, Rosado-Paredes EP, Garcia-Rejon JE, Gubler DJ, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Yucatan State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :857ā859.
-
6
Estrada-Franco J, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DWC, Coffey L, Carrara AS, Travassos da Rosa APA, Clements T, Wang E, Ludwig GV, Cortes AC, Ramirez PP, Tesh RB, Barrett ADT, Weaver SC, 2003. Isolation of West Nile virus in Mexico and serologic evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1604ā1607.
-
7
Blitvich BJ, FernaĢndez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, LoronĢo-Pino MA, Marlenee NL, DiĢaz FJ, GonzaĢlez-Rojas JI, ObregoĢn-MartiĢnez N, Chiu-GarciĢa JA, Black WC IV, Beaty BJ, 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile Virus, Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1314ā1317.
-
8
Hinman AR, McGowan JE Jr, Henderson BE, 1971. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis: surveys of human illness during an epizootic in Guatemala and El Salvador. Am J Epidemiol 93 :130ā136.
-
9
Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, Johnson AJ, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, 2000. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1823ā1826.
-
10
Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, Labowitz A, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, Campbell GL, 2003. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :376ā379.
-
11
Autorino GL, Battisti A, Deubel V, Ferrari G, Forletta R, Giovannini A, Lelli R, Murri S, Scicluna MT, 2002. West Nile virus epidemic in horses, Tuscany Region, Italy. EID 8 :1372ā1378.
-
12
Murgue B, Murri S, Zientara S, Durand B, Durand JP, Zeller H, 2001. West Nile outbreak in horses in Southern France, 2000: the return after 35 years. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :692ā696.
-
13
Hadler J, Nelson R, McCarthy T, Andreadis T, Lis MJ, French R, Beckwith W, Mayo D, Archambault G, Cartter M, 2001. West Nile virus surveillance in Connecticut in 2000: an intense epizootic without high risk for severe human disease. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :636ā642.
-
14
Tesh RB, Travassos da Rosa A, Guzman H, Araujo TP, Xiao SY, 2002. Immunization with heterologous flavivirus protective against fatal West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :245ā251.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 17 | 17 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 354 | 101 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 41 | 13 | 0 |