Bloland PB, Kazembe PN, Oloo AJ, Himonga B, Barat LM, Ruebush TK, 1998. Chloroquine in Africa: critical assessment and recommendations for monitoring and evaluating chloroquine therapy efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 3 :543ā552.
Basco LK, Same-Ekobo A, Foumane Ngane V, Ndounga M, Metoh T, Ringwald P, Soula G, 2002. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine and the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-amodiaquine combination against uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria young children in Cameroon. Bull WHO 80 :538ā545.
Nsimba B, Malonga DA, Mouata AM, Louya F, Kiori J, Malanda M, Yocka D, Oko-Ossho J, Ebata-Mongo S, Le Bras J, 2004. Efficacy of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :133ā138.
Kazadi WM, Vong S, Makina BN, Mantshumba JC, Kabuya W, Kebela BI, Ngimbi NP, 2003. Assessing the efficacy of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trop Med Int Health 8 :868ā875.
Mezui Me Ndong J, Atteke C, Aubouy A, Bakary M, LeĢbibi J, Deloron P, 2003. ln vitro activity of chloroquine, quinine, meĢfloquine and halofantrine against Gabonese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum.Trop Med Int Health 8 :25ā29.
Pierce PF, Milhous WK, Campbell CC, 1987. Clinical and laboratory characterization of a chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain acquired in the Central African Republic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36 :1ā2.
Belec L, Delmont J, Vesters I, Testa J, Christian KS, Georges AJ, 1988. Emergence of multiresistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Central African Republic. Press Med 17 :2090ā2091.
Debat Zoguereh D, Delmont J, Testa J, Nāgama G, 1988. Etude de la chimiosensibiliteĢ de Plasmodium falciparum aux amino-4-quinoleĢines chez des enfants centrafricains. Med Afr Noire 35 :101ā104.
Delmont J, Testa J, Monges P, Limbassa J, Georges AJ, Faugere B, 1987. Etat da la chimioreĢsistance de Plasmodium falciparum en ReĢpublique Centrafricaine. ReĢsultats dāenqueĢtes meneĢes de 1984 aĢ 1986. Bull Soc Path Exot 80 :434ā442.
Delmont J, Testa J, Courtois P, Capdevielle H, Le Tien C, Roungou JB, 1992. Persistence of low levels of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine in the autochthonous population of the Central African Republic. J Hyg Epid Microb Immun 36 :362ā367.
Desfontaines M, Cathebras P, Delmont J, Testa J, Bechan R, Somse P, Roungou JB, 1987. Surveillance de lāextension de la chloroquino-resistance de Plasmodium falciparum en Centrafrique. Bull Liais Doc OCEAC 82 :45ā47.
Bergeri I, Debat Zoguereh D, Madji N, Barrau K, Delmont J, Namsenmo A, Ndoyo J, 2003. Evaluation in vivo de lāefficaciteĢ theĢrapeutique de la chloroquine pour le traitement du paludisme duĢ aĢ Plasmodium falciparum non compliqueĢ en Centrafrique en 1997 et 1998. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 96 :29ā34.
Ringwald P, Keudjian A, Same Ekobo A, Basco LK, 2000. Chemoresistance of Plasmodium falciparum in the urban areas of Yaounde, Cameroon Part 2: Evaluation of the efficacy of amodiaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in YaoundeĢ, Cameroon. Trop Med Int Health 5 :20ā27.
Nevill CG, Verhoeff FH, Munafu CG, ten Hove WR, van der Kaay HJ, Were JB, 1994. A comparison of amodiaquine and chloroquine in the treatment therapy of falciparum malaria in Kenya. East African Medical Journal 71 :167ā170.
MuĢller O, van Hensbroek MB, Jaffar S, Drakely C, Okorie C, Joof D, 1996. A randomized trial of chloroquine, amodiaquine and pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine in Gambian children with uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 1 :124ā132.
Nwanyanwu OC, Ziba C, Kazembe P, Chitsulo L, Wirima JJ, Kumwenda N, 1996. Efficacy of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malawian children under five years of age. Trop Med Intl Health 1 :231ā235.
Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazembe PN, Were JB, Steketee R, Campbell CC, 1993. Beyond chloroquine implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Inf Dis 167 :932ā937.
White N, 1999. Antimalarial drug resistance and combination chemotherapy. Philos Trans R Soc London B Biol Sci 354 :739ā749.
Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R, 2000. Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a prospective study. Lancet 356 :297ā302.
White NJ, 1999. Delaying antimalarial drug resistance with combination chemotherapy. Parassitologia 41 :301ā308.
MinisteĢre du plan et de la coopeĢration internationale, UNICEF, 2001. EnqueĢte aĢ indicateurs multiples, MICS 2000, Rapport final Bangui Avril 2001. BBA Editions, Bangui, Central African Republic. 130ā131
World Health Organization (WHO), 2001. Monitoring Antimalarial Drug Resistance. WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.7. Geneva: WHO.
WHO/CTD, 1996. Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy of Anti-malarial Drugs for Uncomplicated Malaria in Areas with Intense Transmission. WHO/MAL/96.1077. Geneva: WHO.
Garcia-Vidal J, Ngirabega JD, Soldevila M, Navarro R, Bada JL, 1989. Evolution of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs in Rwanda, 1985ā1987. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :490.
Paluku KM, Breman JG, Moore M, Ngimbi NP, Sexton JD, 1988. Response of children with Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and development of an national malaria treatment policy in Zaire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :353ā357.
Mharahurwa S, Mugochi T, 1994. Chloroquine resistance falciparum malaria in an area of rising endemicity in Zimbabwe (1984ā1993). J Trop Med Hyg 97 :39ā45.
Checchi F, Balkan S, Vonhm BT, Massaquoi M, Biberson P, Eldin de Pecoulas P, Brasseur P, Guthmann JP, 2002. Efficacy of amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Harper, Liberia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :670ā673.
Checchi F, Durand R, Balkan S, Vonhm BT, Kollie JZ, Biberson P, Baron E, Lebras J, Guthmann JP, 2002. High Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Harper, Liberia: results in vivo and analysis of point mutations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :664ā669.
Bijl HM, Kager J, Koetsier DW, Van der Werf TS, 2000. Chloroquine- and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant falciparum malaria in vivoāa pilot study in rural Zambia. Trop Med Int Health 10 :692ā695.
Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, 2001. Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and combination therapyfor treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 358 :368ā374.
Gasasira AF, Dorsey G, Nzarubara B, Staedke SG, Nassali A, Rosenthal PJ, Kamya MR, 2003. Comparative efficacy of aminoquinoline-antifolate combinations for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :127ā132.
Schellenberg D, Kahigwa E, Drakeley C, Malende A, Wigayi J, Msokame C, Aponte JJ, Tanner M, Mshinda H, Menendez C, Alonso PL, 2002. The safety and efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquinen and their combination in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :17ā23.
Watkins WM, Mberu EK, Winstanley PA, Plowe C, 1997. The efficacy of antifolates antimalarial combinations in Africa: a predictive model based on pharmacodynamic and pharmaco-kinetic analyses. Parasitology Today 13 :459ā464.
Duraisingh MT, Drakeley CJ, Muller O, Bailey R, Snounou G, Targett GA, Greenwood BM, Warhurst DC, 1997. Evidence for selection for the tyrosine-86 allele of the pfmdr 1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum by chloroquine and amodiaquine. Parasitology 114 :205ā211.
Rwagacondo CE, Niyitegeka F, Sarushi J, Karema C, Mugisha V, Dujardin JC, Van Overmeir C, Ven Den Ende J, Dāalessandro U, 2003. Efficacy of amodiaquine alone and combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combined with artesunate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :743ā747.
Talisuna AO, Nalunkuma-Kazibwe A, Bakyaita N, Langi P, Mutabingwa TK, Watkins WW, Van Marck E, DāAlessandro U, Egwang TG, 2004. Efficacy of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine alone or combined with amodiaquine or chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ugandan children. Trop Med Intl Health 9 :222ā229.
Dorsey G, Njama D, Kamya UR, Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Staedke SG, Gasasira A, Rosenthal PJ, 2002. Short and long term efficacies for uncomplicated malaria of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine alone or in combination with amodiaquine or artesunate: a longitudinal randomized trial in Ugandan children. Lancet 360 :2031ā2038.
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This paper reports a two-phase study in Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR): first, we assessed the clinical efficacy to chloroquine (CQ), sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), and amodiaquine (AQ), then we tested the efficacy of two combinations: CQ + SP and AQ + SP. We used the standard 14-day WHO 2001 protocol to compare therapeutic responses in children under 5 years of age with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Bangui between February 2002 and March 2004. The overall treatment failure rates with CQ, AQ, SP, CQ + SP, and AQ + SP were 40.9%, 20.0%, 22.8%, 7.2%, and 0%. These findings suggest that the Ministry of Health should recommend an interim policy with AQ + SP combination as the first-line antimalarial drug in Bangui until best alternative treatments like artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) become available at low prices in the CAR.
Bloland PB, Kazembe PN, Oloo AJ, Himonga B, Barat LM, Ruebush TK, 1998. Chloroquine in Africa: critical assessment and recommendations for monitoring and evaluating chloroquine therapy efficacy in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 3 :543ā552.
Basco LK, Same-Ekobo A, Foumane Ngane V, Ndounga M, Metoh T, Ringwald P, Soula G, 2002. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine and the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-amodiaquine combination against uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria young children in Cameroon. Bull WHO 80 :538ā545.
Nsimba B, Malonga DA, Mouata AM, Louya F, Kiori J, Malanda M, Yocka D, Oko-Ossho J, Ebata-Mongo S, Le Bras J, 2004. Efficacy of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :133ā138.
Kazadi WM, Vong S, Makina BN, Mantshumba JC, Kabuya W, Kebela BI, Ngimbi NP, 2003. Assessing the efficacy of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trop Med Int Health 8 :868ā875.
Mezui Me Ndong J, Atteke C, Aubouy A, Bakary M, LeĢbibi J, Deloron P, 2003. ln vitro activity of chloroquine, quinine, meĢfloquine and halofantrine against Gabonese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum.Trop Med Int Health 8 :25ā29.
Pierce PF, Milhous WK, Campbell CC, 1987. Clinical and laboratory characterization of a chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain acquired in the Central African Republic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36 :1ā2.
Belec L, Delmont J, Vesters I, Testa J, Christian KS, Georges AJ, 1988. Emergence of multiresistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Central African Republic. Press Med 17 :2090ā2091.
Debat Zoguereh D, Delmont J, Testa J, Nāgama G, 1988. Etude de la chimiosensibiliteĢ de Plasmodium falciparum aux amino-4-quinoleĢines chez des enfants centrafricains. Med Afr Noire 35 :101ā104.
Delmont J, Testa J, Monges P, Limbassa J, Georges AJ, Faugere B, 1987. Etat da la chimioreĢsistance de Plasmodium falciparum en ReĢpublique Centrafricaine. ReĢsultats dāenqueĢtes meneĢes de 1984 aĢ 1986. Bull Soc Path Exot 80 :434ā442.
Delmont J, Testa J, Courtois P, Capdevielle H, Le Tien C, Roungou JB, 1992. Persistence of low levels of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine in the autochthonous population of the Central African Republic. J Hyg Epid Microb Immun 36 :362ā367.
Desfontaines M, Cathebras P, Delmont J, Testa J, Bechan R, Somse P, Roungou JB, 1987. Surveillance de lāextension de la chloroquino-resistance de Plasmodium falciparum en Centrafrique. Bull Liais Doc OCEAC 82 :45ā47.
Bergeri I, Debat Zoguereh D, Madji N, Barrau K, Delmont J, Namsenmo A, Ndoyo J, 2003. Evaluation in vivo de lāefficaciteĢ theĢrapeutique de la chloroquine pour le traitement du paludisme duĢ aĢ Plasmodium falciparum non compliqueĢ en Centrafrique en 1997 et 1998. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 96 :29ā34.
Ringwald P, Keudjian A, Same Ekobo A, Basco LK, 2000. Chemoresistance of Plasmodium falciparum in the urban areas of Yaounde, Cameroon Part 2: Evaluation of the efficacy of amodiaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in YaoundeĢ, Cameroon. Trop Med Int Health 5 :20ā27.
Nevill CG, Verhoeff FH, Munafu CG, ten Hove WR, van der Kaay HJ, Were JB, 1994. A comparison of amodiaquine and chloroquine in the treatment therapy of falciparum malaria in Kenya. East African Medical Journal 71 :167ā170.
MuĢller O, van Hensbroek MB, Jaffar S, Drakely C, Okorie C, Joof D, 1996. A randomized trial of chloroquine, amodiaquine and pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine in Gambian children with uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 1 :124ā132.
Nwanyanwu OC, Ziba C, Kazembe P, Chitsulo L, Wirima JJ, Kumwenda N, 1996. Efficacy of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malawian children under five years of age. Trop Med Intl Health 1 :231ā235.
Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazembe PN, Were JB, Steketee R, Campbell CC, 1993. Beyond chloroquine implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Inf Dis 167 :932ā937.
White N, 1999. Antimalarial drug resistance and combination chemotherapy. Philos Trans R Soc London B Biol Sci 354 :739ā749.
Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R, 2000. Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a prospective study. Lancet 356 :297ā302.
White NJ, 1999. Delaying antimalarial drug resistance with combination chemotherapy. Parassitologia 41 :301ā308.
MinisteĢre du plan et de la coopeĢration internationale, UNICEF, 2001. EnqueĢte aĢ indicateurs multiples, MICS 2000, Rapport final Bangui Avril 2001. BBA Editions, Bangui, Central African Republic. 130ā131
World Health Organization (WHO), 2001. Monitoring Antimalarial Drug Resistance. WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.7. Geneva: WHO.
WHO/CTD, 1996. Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy of Anti-malarial Drugs for Uncomplicated Malaria in Areas with Intense Transmission. WHO/MAL/96.1077. Geneva: WHO.
Garcia-Vidal J, Ngirabega JD, Soldevila M, Navarro R, Bada JL, 1989. Evolution of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs in Rwanda, 1985ā1987. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :490.
Paluku KM, Breman JG, Moore M, Ngimbi NP, Sexton JD, 1988. Response of children with Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and development of an national malaria treatment policy in Zaire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :353ā357.
Mharahurwa S, Mugochi T, 1994. Chloroquine resistance falciparum malaria in an area of rising endemicity in Zimbabwe (1984ā1993). J Trop Med Hyg 97 :39ā45.
Checchi F, Balkan S, Vonhm BT, Massaquoi M, Biberson P, Eldin de Pecoulas P, Brasseur P, Guthmann JP, 2002. Efficacy of amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Harper, Liberia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :670ā673.
Checchi F, Durand R, Balkan S, Vonhm BT, Kollie JZ, Biberson P, Baron E, Lebras J, Guthmann JP, 2002. High Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Harper, Liberia: results in vivo and analysis of point mutations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :664ā669.
Bijl HM, Kager J, Koetsier DW, Van der Werf TS, 2000. Chloroquine- and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant falciparum malaria in vivoāa pilot study in rural Zambia. Trop Med Int Health 10 :692ā695.
Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, 2001. Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and combination therapyfor treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 358 :368ā374.
Gasasira AF, Dorsey G, Nzarubara B, Staedke SG, Nassali A, Rosenthal PJ, Kamya MR, 2003. Comparative efficacy of aminoquinoline-antifolate combinations for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :127ā132.
Schellenberg D, Kahigwa E, Drakeley C, Malende A, Wigayi J, Msokame C, Aponte JJ, Tanner M, Mshinda H, Menendez C, Alonso PL, 2002. The safety and efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquinen and their combination in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :17ā23.
Watkins WM, Mberu EK, Winstanley PA, Plowe C, 1997. The efficacy of antifolates antimalarial combinations in Africa: a predictive model based on pharmacodynamic and pharmaco-kinetic analyses. Parasitology Today 13 :459ā464.
Duraisingh MT, Drakeley CJ, Muller O, Bailey R, Snounou G, Targett GA, Greenwood BM, Warhurst DC, 1997. Evidence for selection for the tyrosine-86 allele of the pfmdr 1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum by chloroquine and amodiaquine. Parasitology 114 :205ā211.
Rwagacondo CE, Niyitegeka F, Sarushi J, Karema C, Mugisha V, Dujardin JC, Van Overmeir C, Ven Den Ende J, Dāalessandro U, 2003. Efficacy of amodiaquine alone and combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combined with artesunate. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :743ā747.
Talisuna AO, Nalunkuma-Kazibwe A, Bakyaita N, Langi P, Mutabingwa TK, Watkins WW, Van Marck E, DāAlessandro U, Egwang TG, 2004. Efficacy of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine alone or combined with amodiaquine or chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ugandan children. Trop Med Intl Health 9 :222ā229.
Dorsey G, Njama D, Kamya UR, Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Staedke SG, Gasasira A, Rosenthal PJ, 2002. Short and long term efficacies for uncomplicated malaria of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine alone or in combination with amodiaquine or artesunate: a longitudinal randomized trial in Ugandan children. Lancet 360 :2031ā2038.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 4 |
Full Text Views | 222 | 73 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 26 | 9 | 0 |