Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Lindsay SW, Martens WJ, 1998. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bull World Health Organ 76 :33–45.
-
2
Fontaine RE, Heyneman D, Manba C, 1961. The 1958 malaria epidemic in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 10 :795–803.
-
3
Malakooti MA, Biomndo K, Shanks GD, 1998. Reemergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :671–676.
-
4
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 1999. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Nino. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :480–487.
-
5
Marimbu J, Ndayiragije A, Le Bras M, Chaperon J, 1993. Environnement et paludisme au Burundi: à propos d’une épidémie de paludisme dans une région montagneuse non endémique. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 86 :399–401.
-
6
Kilian AH, Langi P, Talisuna A, Kabagambe G, 1999. Rainfall patterns, El Niño and malaria in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :22–23.
-
7
Mouchet J, Laventure S, Blanchy S, Fioramonti R, Rakotonjanabelo A, Rabarison P, Sircoulon J, Roux J, 1997. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 90 :162–168.
-
8
Bangs MJ, Subinato DB, 1999. El Niño and associated outbreaks of severe malaria in highland populations in Irian Jaya, Indonesia: a review and epidemiological perspective. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30 :608–619.
-
9
Zhou G, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2004. Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 :2375–2380.
-
10
Hay SI, Cox J, Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Stern DI, Shanks GD, Myers MF, Snow RW, 2002. Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature 415 :905–909.
-
11
Mouchet J, 1998. Origin of malaria epidemics on the plateaus of Madagascar and the mountains of east and south Africa. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 91 :64–66.
-
12
Mouchet J, Manguin S, Sircoulon J, Laventure S, Faye O, Onapa AW, Carnevale P, Julvez J, Fontenille D, 1998. Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14 :121–130.
-
13
Shanks GD, Biomndo K, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2000. Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :253–255.
-
14
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 2000. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 5 :263–274.
-
15
Radford AJ, Van Leeuwen H, Christian SH, 1976. Social aspects in the changing epidemiology of malaria in the highlands of New Guinea. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 70 :11–23.
-
16
Peters W, Christian SH, Jameson JL, 1958. Malaria in the highlands of Papua and New Guinea. Med J Aust 2 :409–416.
-
17
Spencer TET, Spencer M, Jameson MT, Tommerup JWH, 1956. Special patrol report: malaria in the Mount Hagen area. P N G Med J 1 :110–113.
-
18
Peters W, Christian SH, 1960. Studies on the epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. Part IV - Unstable highlands malaria. The clinical picture. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 54 :529–536.
-
19
Peters W, Christian SH, 1960. Studies on the epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. Unstable highlands malaria. The entomological picture. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 54 :537–548.
-
20
Parkinson AD, 1974. Malaria in Papua New Guinea, 1974. P N G Med J 17 :8–16.
-
21
Mueller I, Taime J, Ivivi R, Yala S, Bjorge S, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in the PNG Highlands: 1) Western Highlands Province. P N G Med J 46 :16–31.
-
22
Mueller I, Bjorge S, Poigeno G, Kundi J, Tandrapah T, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in the PNG Highlands: 2) Eastern Highlands Province. P N G Med J 46 :58–71.
-
23
Mueller I, Kundi J, Bjorge S, Namuigi P, Saleu G, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2004. The epidemiology of malaria in the PNG Highlands: 3) Simbu Province. P N G Med J 47 : (in press).
-
24
Mueller I, Kaiok J, Reeder JC, Cortes A, 2002. The population structure of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax during an epidemic of malaria in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :459–464.
-
25
Sharp PT, 1982. Highlands malaria: malaria in Enga Province of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 25 :253–260.
-
26
National Health Department, 2000. National Health Plan 2001–2010: Provincial and District Health Profiles. Port Moresby.
-
27
Genton B, Al Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Mellor S, Rare L, Ginny M, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1995. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. II. Mortality and morbidity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :377–390.
-
28
Smith T, Genton B, Baea K, Gibson N, Taime J, Narara A, Al Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Alpers M, 1994. Relationships between Plasmodium falciparum infection and morbidity in a highly endemic area. Parasitology 109 :539–549.
-
29
Muller I, Bockarie M, Alpers M, Smith T, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol 19 :253–259.
-
30
Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White N, 2004. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet 363 :9–17.
-
31
Anthony RL, Bangs MJ, Hamzah N, Basri H, Purnomo, Subianto B, 1992. Heightened transmission of stable malaria in an isolated population in the highlands of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :346–356.
-
32
Bangs MJ, Rusmiarto S, Anthony RL, Wirtz RA, Subianto DB, 1996. Malaria transmission by Anopheles punctulatus in the highlands of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90 :29–38.
-
33
Mueller I, Taime J, Ibam E, Kundi J, Lagog M, Bockarie M, Reeder JC, 2002. Complex patterns of malaria epidemiology in the Highlands region of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 45 :200–205.
-
34
Bashford G, Richens J, 1992. Travel to the coast by highlanders and its implications for malaria control. P N G Med J 35 :306–307.
-
35
Allen BJ, Bourke RM, 2001. The 1997 drought and frost in PNG: overview and policy implications. Bourke RM, Allen MG, Salisbury JG, eds. Food Security for Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the Papua New Guinea Food and Nutrition 2000 Conference, PNG Univesity of Technology, Lae. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 155–163.
-
36
Kiza E, Kin M, 2001. The experience of the1997–98 drought in Simbu Province: lessons learnt. Bourke RM, Allen MG, Salisbury JG, eds. Food Security for Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the Papua New Guinea Food and Nutrition 2000 Conference, PNG University of Technology, Lae. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 214–217.
-
37
Bouma MJ, van der Kaay HJ, 1996. The El Nino Southern Oscillation and the historic malaria epidemics on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka: an early warning system for future epidemics? Trop Med Int Health 1 :86–96.
-
38
Jambou R, Ranaivo L, Raharimalala L, Randrianaivo J, Rakotomanana F, Modiano D, Pietra V, Boisier P, Rabarijaona L, Rabe T, Raveloson N, de Giorgi F, 2001. Malaria in the highlands of Madagascar after five years of indoor house spraying of DDT. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :14–18.
-
39
Guyatt H, Kinnear J, Burini M, Snow R, 2002. A comparative cost analysis of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying in highland Kenya. Health Policy Plann 17 :144–153.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 301 | 82 | 0 |
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EPIDEMIC MALARIA IN THE HIGHLANDS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA
IVO MUELLER
IVO MUELLER
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Malaria Surveillance and Control Unit, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Eastern Highland Division of Health, Goroka, Papua New Guinea; National Department of Health, Waigani, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea; Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre of Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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PIOTO NAMUIGI
PIOTO NAMUIGI
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Malaria Surveillance and Control Unit, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Eastern Highland Division of Health, Goroka, Papua New Guinea; National Department of Health, Waigani, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea; Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre of Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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JULIUS KUNDI
JULIUS KUNDI
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Malaria Surveillance and Control Unit, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Eastern Highland Division of Health, Goroka, Papua New Guinea; National Department of Health, Waigani, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea; Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre of Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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REX IVIVI
REX IVIVI
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Malaria Surveillance and Control Unit, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Eastern Highland Division of Health, Goroka, Papua New Guinea; National Department of Health, Waigani, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea; Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre of Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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TONY TANDRAPAH
TONY TANDRAPAH
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Malaria Surveillance and Control Unit, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Eastern Highland Division of Health, Goroka, Papua New Guinea; National Department of Health, Waigani, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea; Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre of Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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STEVEN BJORGE
STEVEN BJORGE
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Malaria Surveillance and Control Unit, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Eastern Highland Division of Health, Goroka, Papua New Guinea; National Department of Health, Waigani, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea; Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre of Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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JOHN C. REEDER
JOHN C. REEDER
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Malaria Surveillance and Control Unit, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea; Eastern Highland Division of Health, Goroka, Papua New Guinea; National Department of Health, Waigani, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea; Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre of Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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As part of a larger study into the epidemiology of malaria in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, outbreak investigations were carried out at the end of the 2002 rainy season in 11 villages situated between 1,400 and 1,700 meters above sea level that had reported epidemics. Locations and timing of these epidemics corresponded largely to those reported in the pre-control era of the 1960s and 1970s. On average, 28.8% (range = 10.3–63.2%) of people in each of the 11 villages were found to be infected with malaria. Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 59% of all identified infections and P. vivax for 34%. The majority (53%) of infections were symptomatic. Although symptomatic infections were most common in children 2–9 years of age (36%), even in adults a prevalence of 20% was observed. A comparison with earlier non-epidemic data in three of the villages without easy access to health care showed markedly increased levels of morbidity, with 6–10-fold increases in parasite prevalence, a 3-fold increase in both measured and reported fevers, and a 12-fold increase in enlarged spleens. The average hemoglobin levels were reduced by 2.3–3.5 g/dL, with a concurrent increase in moderate to severe anemia (hemoglobin level < 7.5 g/dL) from 0.0–3.3% to 3.8–18.4%. These massive increases in morbidity have devastating impact on the affected communities and highlight that malaria epidemics are a serious and increasing public health problem in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Lindsay SW, Martens WJ, 1998. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bull World Health Organ 76 :33–45.
-
2
Fontaine RE, Heyneman D, Manba C, 1961. The 1958 malaria epidemic in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 10 :795–803.
-
3
Malakooti MA, Biomndo K, Shanks GD, 1998. Reemergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :671–676.
-
4
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 1999. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Nino. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :480–487.
-
5
Marimbu J, Ndayiragije A, Le Bras M, Chaperon J, 1993. Environnement et paludisme au Burundi: à propos d’une épidémie de paludisme dans une région montagneuse non endémique. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 86 :399–401.
-
6
Kilian AH, Langi P, Talisuna A, Kabagambe G, 1999. Rainfall patterns, El Niño and malaria in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :22–23.
-
7
Mouchet J, Laventure S, Blanchy S, Fioramonti R, Rakotonjanabelo A, Rabarison P, Sircoulon J, Roux J, 1997. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 90 :162–168.
-
8
Bangs MJ, Subinato DB, 1999. El Niño and associated outbreaks of severe malaria in highland populations in Irian Jaya, Indonesia: a review and epidemiological perspective. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30 :608–619.
-
9
Zhou G, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G, 2004. Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 :2375–2380.
-
10
Hay SI, Cox J, Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Stern DI, Shanks GD, Myers MF, Snow RW, 2002. Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature 415 :905–909.
-
11
Mouchet J, 1998. Origin of malaria epidemics on the plateaus of Madagascar and the mountains of east and south Africa. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 91 :64–66.
-
12
Mouchet J, Manguin S, Sircoulon J, Laventure S, Faye O, Onapa AW, Carnevale P, Julvez J, Fontenille D, 1998. Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14 :121–130.
-
13
Shanks GD, Biomndo K, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2000. Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :253–255.
-
14
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 2000. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 5 :263–274.
-
15
Radford AJ, Van Leeuwen H, Christian SH, 1976. Social aspects in the changing epidemiology of malaria in the highlands of New Guinea. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 70 :11–23.
-
16
Peters W, Christian SH, Jameson JL, 1958. Malaria in the highlands of Papua and New Guinea. Med J Aust 2 :409–416.
-
17
Spencer TET, Spencer M, Jameson MT, Tommerup JWH, 1956. Special patrol report: malaria in the Mount Hagen area. P N G Med J 1 :110–113.
-
18
Peters W, Christian SH, 1960. Studies on the epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. Part IV - Unstable highlands malaria. The clinical picture. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 54 :529–536.
-
19
Peters W, Christian SH, 1960. Studies on the epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. Unstable highlands malaria. The entomological picture. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 54 :537–548.
-
20
Parkinson AD, 1974. Malaria in Papua New Guinea, 1974. P N G Med J 17 :8–16.
-
21
Mueller I, Taime J, Ivivi R, Yala S, Bjorge S, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in the PNG Highlands: 1) Western Highlands Province. P N G Med J 46 :16–31.
-
22
Mueller I, Bjorge S, Poigeno G, Kundi J, Tandrapah T, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in the PNG Highlands: 2) Eastern Highlands Province. P N G Med J 46 :58–71.
-
23
Mueller I, Kundi J, Bjorge S, Namuigi P, Saleu G, Riley ID, Reeder JC, 2004. The epidemiology of malaria in the PNG Highlands: 3) Simbu Province. P N G Med J 47 : (in press).
-
24
Mueller I, Kaiok J, Reeder JC, Cortes A, 2002. The population structure of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax during an epidemic of malaria in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :459–464.
-
25
Sharp PT, 1982. Highlands malaria: malaria in Enga Province of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 25 :253–260.
-
26
National Health Department, 2000. National Health Plan 2001–2010: Provincial and District Health Profiles. Port Moresby.
-
27
Genton B, Al Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Mellor S, Rare L, Ginny M, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1995. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. II. Mortality and morbidity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :377–390.
-
28
Smith T, Genton B, Baea K, Gibson N, Taime J, Narara A, Al Yaman F, Beck HP, Hii J, Alpers M, 1994. Relationships between Plasmodium falciparum infection and morbidity in a highly endemic area. Parasitology 109 :539–549.
-
29
Muller I, Bockarie M, Alpers M, Smith T, 2003. The epidemiology of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol 19 :253–259.
-
30
Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White N, 2004. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet 363 :9–17.
-
31
Anthony RL, Bangs MJ, Hamzah N, Basri H, Purnomo, Subianto B, 1992. Heightened transmission of stable malaria in an isolated population in the highlands of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :346–356.
-
32
Bangs MJ, Rusmiarto S, Anthony RL, Wirtz RA, Subianto DB, 1996. Malaria transmission by Anopheles punctulatus in the highlands of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90 :29–38.
-
33
Mueller I, Taime J, Ibam E, Kundi J, Lagog M, Bockarie M, Reeder JC, 2002. Complex patterns of malaria epidemiology in the Highlands region of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 45 :200–205.
-
34
Bashford G, Richens J, 1992. Travel to the coast by highlanders and its implications for malaria control. P N G Med J 35 :306–307.
-
35
Allen BJ, Bourke RM, 2001. The 1997 drought and frost in PNG: overview and policy implications. Bourke RM, Allen MG, Salisbury JG, eds. Food Security for Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the Papua New Guinea Food and Nutrition 2000 Conference, PNG Univesity of Technology, Lae. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 155–163.
-
36
Kiza E, Kin M, 2001. The experience of the1997–98 drought in Simbu Province: lessons learnt. Bourke RM, Allen MG, Salisbury JG, eds. Food Security for Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the Papua New Guinea Food and Nutrition 2000 Conference, PNG University of Technology, Lae. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 214–217.
-
37
Bouma MJ, van der Kaay HJ, 1996. The El Nino Southern Oscillation and the historic malaria epidemics on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka: an early warning system for future epidemics? Trop Med Int Health 1 :86–96.
-
38
Jambou R, Ranaivo L, Raharimalala L, Randrianaivo J, Rakotomanana F, Modiano D, Pietra V, Boisier P, Rabarijaona L, Rabe T, Raveloson N, de Giorgi F, 2001. Malaria in the highlands of Madagascar after five years of indoor house spraying of DDT. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :14–18.
-
39
Guyatt H, Kinnear J, Burini M, Snow R, 2002. A comparative cost analysis of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying in highland Kenya. Health Policy Plann 17 :144–153.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 301 | 82 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 94 | 25 | 0 |