Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Way PO, Schwartlander B, Piot P, 1999. The global epidemiology of HIV and AIDS. Holmes KK, Frederick-Sparling P, Mardh PA, Lemon SM, Stamm WE, Piot P, Wasserheit JN, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Third edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 77–91.
-
2
Celentano DD, Nelson KE, Suprasert S, Wright N, Matanasarawoot A, Eiumtrakul S, Romyen S, Tulvatana S, Kuntolbutra S, Sirisopana N, 1993. Behavioral and sociodemographic risks for frequent visits to commercial sex workers among northern Thai men. AIDS 7 :1647–1652.
-
3
Estebanez P, Fitch K, Najera R, 1993. HIV and female sex workers. Bull World Health Organ 71 :397–412.
-
4
Broutet N, de Queiroz Sousa A, Basilio FP, Sa HL, Simon F, Dabis F, 1996. Prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV antibody, in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, 1993–1994. Int J STD AIDS 7 :365–369.
-
5
Hierholzer J, Montano S, Hoelscher M, Negrete M, Hierholzer M, Avila MM, Carrillo MG, Russi JC, Viñoles J, Alava A, Acosta ME, Gianella A, Andrade R, Sanchez JL, Carrion G, Sanchez JL, Russell K, Robb M, Birx D, McCutchan F, Carr JK, 2002. Molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 18 :1339–1350.
-
6
World Health Organization, UNAIDS, June 2004. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, Fourth Global Report, Table of Country-Specific HIV/AIDS Estimates and Data. Geneva: World Health Organization, 189–207.
-
7
Elifson KW, Boles J, Posey E, Sweat M, Darrow W, Elisa W, 1993. Male transvestite prostitutes and HIV risk. Am J Public Health 83 :260–262.
-
8
Modan B, Goldschmidt R, Rubinstein E, Vonsover A, Zinn M, Golan R, Chetrit A, Gottlieb-Stematzky T, 1992. Prevalence of HIV antibodies in transsexual and female prostitutes. Am J Public Health 82 :590–592.
-
9
Pang H, Pugh K, Catalan J, 1994. Gender identity disorder and HIV disease. Int J STD AIDS 5 :130–132.
-
10
Avila MM, Pando MA, Carrion G, Martinez Peralta L, Salomon H, Gomez Carrillo M, Sanchez J, Maulen S, Hierholzer J, Marinello M, Negrete M, Russell KL, Carr JK, 2002. Two HIV-1 epidemics in Argentina: different genetic subtypes associated with different risk groups. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 29 :422–426.
-
11
Gomez Carrillo M, Avila M, Hierholzer J, Pando M, Martinez PL, McCutchan FE, Carr JK, 2002. Mother-to-child HIV type 1 transmission in Argentina: BF recombinants have predominated in infected children since the mid-1980s. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 18 :477–483.
-
12
Russi JC, Serra M, Viñoles J, Perez MT, Ruchansky D, Alonso G, Sanchez JL, Russell KL, Montano SM, Negrete M, Weissenbacher M, 2003. Sexual transmission of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections among male transvestite commercial sex workers in Montevideo, Uruguay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :716–720.
-
13
Clements-Nolle K, Marx R, Guzman R, Katz M, 2001. HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: implications for public health intervention. Am J Public Health 91 :915–921.
-
14
Delwart EL, Shpaer EG, Louwagie J, McCutchan FE, Grez M, Rubsamen-Waigmann H, Mullins JI, 1993. Genetic relationships determined by a DNA heteroduplex mobility assay: analysis of HIV-1 env genes. Science 262 :1257–1261.
-
15
Russell KL, Carcamo C, Watts DM, Sanchez J, Gotuzzo E, Euler A, Blanco JC, Galeano A, Alava A, Mullins JI, Holmes KK, Carr JK, 2000. Emerging genetic diversity of HIV-1 in South America. AIDS 14 :1785–1791.
-
16
Salminen MO, Koch C, Sanders-Buell E, Ehrenberg PK, Michael NL, Carr JK, Burke DS, McCutchan FE, 1995. Recovery of virtually full-length HIV-1 provirus of diverse subtypes from primary virus cultures using the polymerase chain reaction. Virology 213 :80–86.
-
17
Carr JK, Salminen MO, Albert J, Sanders-Buell E, Gotte D, Birx DL, McCutchan FE, 1998. Full genome sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes G and A/G intersub-type recombinants. Virology 247 :22–31.
-
18
Saitou N, Nei M, 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4 :406–425.
-
19
Kimura M, 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16 :111–120.
-
20
Lole KS, Bollinger RC, Paranjape RS, Gadkari D, Kulkarni SS, Novak NG, Ingersoll R, Sheppard HW, Ray SC, 1999. Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination. J Virol 73 :152–160.
-
21
Ray SC, 2002. SimPlot for Windows 3.4. Baltimore, MD: Distributed by author (available at URL: http://sray.med.som.jhmi.edu/RaySoft/SimPlot/Version1/SimPlot_Doc_v13.html, last accessed on October 6, 2004).
-
22
Gattari P, Rezza G, Zaccarelli M, Valenzi C, Tirelli U, 1991. HIV infection in drug using transvestites and transsexuals. Eur J Epidemiol 7 :711–712.
-
23
Kamb ML, Fishbein M, Douglas JM Jr, Rhodes F, Rogers J, Bolan G, Zenilman J, Hoxworth T, Malotte CK, Iatesta M, Kent C, Lentz A, Graziano S, Byers RH, Peterman TA, 1998. Efficacy of risk-reduction counseling to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized controlled trial. Project RESPECT Study Group. JAMA 280 :1161–1167.
-
24
Rojanapithayakorn W, Hanenberg R, 1996. The 100% condom program in Thailand. AIDS 10 :1–7.
-
25
Dehne KL, Khodakevich L, Hamers FF, Schwartlander B, 1999. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in eastern Europe: recent patterns and trends and their implications for policy-making. AIDS 13 :741–749.
-
26
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2003. Increases in HIV diagnoses-29 states, 1999–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :1145–1148.
-
27
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2004. Incidence of acute hepatitis B-United States, 1990–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :1252–1254.
-
28
Carr JK, Avila M, Gomez Carrillo M, Salomon H, Hierholzer J, Watanaveeradej V, Pando MA, Negrete M, Russell KL, Sanchez J, Birx DL, Andrade R, Viñoles J, McCutchan FE, 2001. Diverse BF recombinants have spread widely since the introduction of HIV-1 into South America. AIDS 15 :F41–F47.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 54 | 54 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 341 | 66 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 43 | 12 | 0 |
SEROINCIDENCE AND PHYLOGENY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTIONS IN A COHORT OF COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS IN MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY
JOSE VIÑOLES
JOSE VIÑOLES
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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MARGARITA SERRA
MARGARITA SERRA
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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JOSE C. RUSSI
JOSE C. RUSSI
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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DORA RUCHANSKY
DORA RUCHANSKY
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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SERGIO SOSA-ESTANI
SERGIO SOSA-ESTANI
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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SILVIA M. MONTANO
SILVIA M. MONTANO
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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GLADYS CARRION
GLADYS CARRION
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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LINDSAY M. EYZAGUIRRE
LINDSAY M. EYZAGUIRRE
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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JEAN K. CARR
JEAN K. CARR
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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JAMES G. OLSON
JAMES G. OLSON
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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CHRISTIAN T. BAUTISTA
CHRISTIAN T. BAUTISTA
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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JOSE L. SANCHEZ
JOSE L. SANCHEZ
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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MERCEDES WEISSENBACHER
MERCEDES WEISSENBACHER
HIV/AIDS National Control Program, and Department of Laboratories of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Montevideo, Uruguay; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland
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A cohort study involving 60 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative male transvestite commercial sex workers (CSWs) was conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1999–2001. Serum samples were tested for HIV by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening with immunoblot confirmation. Six participants seroconverted for an incidence-density rate of 6.03 (95% confidence interval = 2.21–13.12) per 100 person-years. Inconsistent condom use during client sex (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 6.7), during oral sex (AHR = 5.6), and at the last sexual encounter (AHR = 7.8), and use of marihuana (AHR = 5.4) were marginally associated with HIV seroconversion. Five samples were genotyped in the protease and reverse transcriptase regions; three were subtypes B and two were BF recombinants. Full genome analysis of four samples confirmed all three subtype B samples and one of the two BF recombinants. Male transvestite CSWs sustained a high rate of HIV infection. Larger prospective studies are required to better define subtypes and associated sexual and drug-related risk factors.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Way PO, Schwartlander B, Piot P, 1999. The global epidemiology of HIV and AIDS. Holmes KK, Frederick-Sparling P, Mardh PA, Lemon SM, Stamm WE, Piot P, Wasserheit JN, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Third edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 77–91.
-
2
Celentano DD, Nelson KE, Suprasert S, Wright N, Matanasarawoot A, Eiumtrakul S, Romyen S, Tulvatana S, Kuntolbutra S, Sirisopana N, 1993. Behavioral and sociodemographic risks for frequent visits to commercial sex workers among northern Thai men. AIDS 7 :1647–1652.
-
3
Estebanez P, Fitch K, Najera R, 1993. HIV and female sex workers. Bull World Health Organ 71 :397–412.
-
4
Broutet N, de Queiroz Sousa A, Basilio FP, Sa HL, Simon F, Dabis F, 1996. Prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV antibody, in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, 1993–1994. Int J STD AIDS 7 :365–369.
-
5
Hierholzer J, Montano S, Hoelscher M, Negrete M, Hierholzer M, Avila MM, Carrillo MG, Russi JC, Viñoles J, Alava A, Acosta ME, Gianella A, Andrade R, Sanchez JL, Carrion G, Sanchez JL, Russell K, Robb M, Birx D, McCutchan F, Carr JK, 2002. Molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 18 :1339–1350.
-
6
World Health Organization, UNAIDS, June 2004. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, Fourth Global Report, Table of Country-Specific HIV/AIDS Estimates and Data. Geneva: World Health Organization, 189–207.
-
7
Elifson KW, Boles J, Posey E, Sweat M, Darrow W, Elisa W, 1993. Male transvestite prostitutes and HIV risk. Am J Public Health 83 :260–262.
-
8
Modan B, Goldschmidt R, Rubinstein E, Vonsover A, Zinn M, Golan R, Chetrit A, Gottlieb-Stematzky T, 1992. Prevalence of HIV antibodies in transsexual and female prostitutes. Am J Public Health 82 :590–592.
-
9
Pang H, Pugh K, Catalan J, 1994. Gender identity disorder and HIV disease. Int J STD AIDS 5 :130–132.
-
10
Avila MM, Pando MA, Carrion G, Martinez Peralta L, Salomon H, Gomez Carrillo M, Sanchez J, Maulen S, Hierholzer J, Marinello M, Negrete M, Russell KL, Carr JK, 2002. Two HIV-1 epidemics in Argentina: different genetic subtypes associated with different risk groups. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 29 :422–426.
-
11
Gomez Carrillo M, Avila M, Hierholzer J, Pando M, Martinez PL, McCutchan FE, Carr JK, 2002. Mother-to-child HIV type 1 transmission in Argentina: BF recombinants have predominated in infected children since the mid-1980s. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 18 :477–483.
-
12
Russi JC, Serra M, Viñoles J, Perez MT, Ruchansky D, Alonso G, Sanchez JL, Russell KL, Montano SM, Negrete M, Weissenbacher M, 2003. Sexual transmission of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections among male transvestite commercial sex workers in Montevideo, Uruguay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :716–720.
-
13
Clements-Nolle K, Marx R, Guzman R, Katz M, 2001. HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: implications for public health intervention. Am J Public Health 91 :915–921.
-
14
Delwart EL, Shpaer EG, Louwagie J, McCutchan FE, Grez M, Rubsamen-Waigmann H, Mullins JI, 1993. Genetic relationships determined by a DNA heteroduplex mobility assay: analysis of HIV-1 env genes. Science 262 :1257–1261.
-
15
Russell KL, Carcamo C, Watts DM, Sanchez J, Gotuzzo E, Euler A, Blanco JC, Galeano A, Alava A, Mullins JI, Holmes KK, Carr JK, 2000. Emerging genetic diversity of HIV-1 in South America. AIDS 14 :1785–1791.
-
16
Salminen MO, Koch C, Sanders-Buell E, Ehrenberg PK, Michael NL, Carr JK, Burke DS, McCutchan FE, 1995. Recovery of virtually full-length HIV-1 provirus of diverse subtypes from primary virus cultures using the polymerase chain reaction. Virology 213 :80–86.
-
17
Carr JK, Salminen MO, Albert J, Sanders-Buell E, Gotte D, Birx DL, McCutchan FE, 1998. Full genome sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes G and A/G intersub-type recombinants. Virology 247 :22–31.
-
18
Saitou N, Nei M, 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4 :406–425.
-
19
Kimura M, 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16 :111–120.
-
20
Lole KS, Bollinger RC, Paranjape RS, Gadkari D, Kulkarni SS, Novak NG, Ingersoll R, Sheppard HW, Ray SC, 1999. Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination. J Virol 73 :152–160.
-
21
Ray SC, 2002. SimPlot for Windows 3.4. Baltimore, MD: Distributed by author (available at URL: http://sray.med.som.jhmi.edu/RaySoft/SimPlot/Version1/SimPlot_Doc_v13.html, last accessed on October 6, 2004).
-
22
Gattari P, Rezza G, Zaccarelli M, Valenzi C, Tirelli U, 1991. HIV infection in drug using transvestites and transsexuals. Eur J Epidemiol 7 :711–712.
-
23
Kamb ML, Fishbein M, Douglas JM Jr, Rhodes F, Rogers J, Bolan G, Zenilman J, Hoxworth T, Malotte CK, Iatesta M, Kent C, Lentz A, Graziano S, Byers RH, Peterman TA, 1998. Efficacy of risk-reduction counseling to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized controlled trial. Project RESPECT Study Group. JAMA 280 :1161–1167.
-
24
Rojanapithayakorn W, Hanenberg R, 1996. The 100% condom program in Thailand. AIDS 10 :1–7.
-
25
Dehne KL, Khodakevich L, Hamers FF, Schwartlander B, 1999. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in eastern Europe: recent patterns and trends and their implications for policy-making. AIDS 13 :741–749.
-
26
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2003. Increases in HIV diagnoses-29 states, 1999–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :1145–1148.
-
27
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2004. Incidence of acute hepatitis B-United States, 1990–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :1252–1254.
-
28
Carr JK, Avila M, Gomez Carrillo M, Salomon H, Hierholzer J, Watanaveeradej V, Pando MA, Negrete M, Russell KL, Sanchez J, Birx DL, Andrade R, Viñoles J, McCutchan FE, 2001. Diverse BF recombinants have spread widely since the introduction of HIV-1 into South America. AIDS 15 :F41–F47.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 54 | 54 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 341 | 66 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 43 | 12 | 0 |