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-
1
Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Thiel HJ, 2000. Family Flaviviridae. Van Regenmortal MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 859–878.
-
2
Hayes CG, 1989. West Nile fever. Monath TP, eds. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 59–90.
-
3
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61 :185–234.
-
4
Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ, 2002. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :519–529.
-
5
Klenk K, Snow J, Morgan K, Bowen R, Stephens M, Foster F, Gordy P, Beckett S, Komar N, Gubler D, Bunning M, 2004. Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2150–2155.
-
6
Ravindra KV, Friefeld AG, Kalil AC, Mercer DF, Grant WJ, Botha JF, Wrenshall LE, Stevens RB, 2004. West Nile virus-associated encephalitis in recipients of renal and pancreas transplants: case series and literature review. Clin Infect Dis 38 :1257–1260.
-
7
Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp CB, Sullivan KG, Davis BS, Komar N, Godsey MS, Baker D, Hettler DL, Holmes DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Mitchell CJ, 2002. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :380–386.
-
8
Xiao SY, Guzman H, Zhang H, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
9
Morrey JD, Day CW, Julander JG, Olsen AL, Sidwell RW, Cheney CD, Blatt LM, 2004. Modeling hamsters for evaluating West Nile virus therapies. Antiviral Res 63 :41–50.
-
10
Nathanson N, 1980. Pathogenesis. Monath TP, eds. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 201–236.
-
11
Ratterree MS, Gutierrez RA, Travassos da Rosa APA, Dille BJ, Beasley DWC, Bohm RP, Desai SM, Didier PJ, Bikenmeyer LG, Dawson GJ, Leary TP, Schochetman G, Phillippi-Falkenstein K, Arroyo J, Barrett ADT, Tesh RB, 2004. Experimental infection of rhesus macaques with West Nile virus: level and duration of viremia and kinetics of the antibody response after infection. J Infect Dis 189 :669–676.
-
12
Pealer LN, Marfin AA, Petersen LR, Lanciotti RS, Page PL, Stramer SL, Stobierski MG, Signs K, Newman B, Kapoor H, Goodman JL, Chamberland ME, 2003. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 349 :1236–1245.
-
13
Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A, Trepka MJ, Blackmore CG, Hellinger WC, Pham SM, Zaki S, Lanciotti RS, Lance-Parker SE, Diaz Granados CA, Winquist AG, Perlino CA, Wiersma S, Hillyer KL, Goodman JL, Marfin AA, Chamberland ME, Petersen LR, 2003. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 348 :2196–2203.
-
14
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infections - United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :681–683.
-
15
Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, Labowitz A, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, Campbell GL, 2003. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :376–379.
-
16
Pogodina VV, Frolova MP, Malenko GV, Fokina GI, Koreskova GV, Kiseleva LL, Bochkova NG, Ralph NV, 1983. Study on West Nile persistence in monkeys. Arch Virol 75 :71–86.
-
17
Pogodina VV, Frolova MP, Malenko GV, Fokina GI, Levina LS, Mamonenko LL, Koreshkova GV, Ralf NM, 1981. Persistence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in monkeys. 1. Features of experimental infection. Acta Virol 25 :337–343.
-
18
Gritsun TS, Frolova TV, Zhankov AI, Armesto M, Turner SL, Frolova MP, Pogodina VV, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA, 2003. Characterization of a Siberian virus isolated from a patient with progressive chronic tick-borne encephalitis. J Virol 77 :25–36.
-
19
Ravi V, Desai AS, Shenoy PK, Satishchandra P, Chandramuki A, Gourie-Devi M, 1993. Persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the human nervous system. J Med Virol 40 :326–329.
-
20
Sharma S, Mathur A, Prakash R, Kulshreshtha R, Kumar R, Chaturvedi UC, 1991. Japanese encephalitis virus latency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and recurrence of infection in children. Clin Exp Immunol 85 :85–89.
-
21
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
22
Fisher AF, Tesh RB, Tonry J, Guzman H, Liu D, Xiao SY, 2003. Induction of severe disease in hamsters by two sandfly fever group viruses, Punta Toro and Gabek Forest (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae), similar to that caused by Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :269–276.
-
23
Xiao SY, Zhang H, Guzman H, Tesh RB, 2001. Experimental yellow fever virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). 2. Pathology. J Infect Dis 183 :1437–1444.
-
24
Tesh RB, Arroyo J, Travassos da Rosa APA, Guzman H, Xiao SY, Monath TP, 2002. Efficacy of killed virus vaccine, live attenuated chimeric virus vaccine, and passive immunization for prevention of West Nile virus encephalitis in hamster model. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1392–1397.
-
25
Shope TC, Klein-Robbenhaar J, Miller G, 1972. Fatal encephalitis due to Herpesvirus homminis: use of intact brain cells for isolation of virus. J Infect Dis 125 :542–544.
-
26
Johnson HN, 1970. Long-term persistence of Modoc virus in hamster kidney cells. In vivo and in vitro demonstration. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :537–539.
-
27
Davis JW, Hardy JL, 1974. Characterization of persistent Modoc viral infection in Syrian hamsters. Infect Immun 10 :328–334.
-
28
Davis JW, Hardy JL, Reeves WC, 1974. Modoc viral infections in the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. Infect Immun 10 :1362–1369.
-
29
Hardy JL, Reeves WC, 1999. Experimental studies on infection in vertebrates. Reeves WC, Asman SM, Hardy JL, Milby MM, Reisen WK, eds. Epidemiology and Control of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in California, 1943–1987. Sacramento, CA: California Mosquito and Vector Control Association, 66–127.
-
30
Burkweitz S, Kleiboeker S, Marioni K, Ramos-Vara J, Rottinghaus A, Schwabenton B, Johnson B, 2003. Serological, reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical detection of West Nile virus in a clinically affected dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 15 :324–329.
-
31
Komar N, Lanciotti R, Bowen R, Langevin S, Bunning M, 2002. Detection of West Nile virus in oral and cloacal swabs collected from bird carcasses. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :741–742.
-
32
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infec Dis 9 :311–322.
-
33
Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Hunter S, Paddock CD, Morken T, Grant L, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Zaki SR, 2004. Clinicopathological study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis. Human Pathol 35 :983–990.
-
34
Kiupel M, Simmons HA, Fitzgerald SD, Wise A, Sikarskie JG, Cooley TM, Hollamby SR, Maes R, 2003. West Nile virus infection in eastern fox squirrels (Scuirus niger). Vet Pathol 40 :703–707.
-
35
Odelola HA, Oduye OO, 1977. West Nile virus infection of adult mice by oral route. Arch Virol 54 :251–253.
-
36
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast feeding-Michigan, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :577–578.
-
37
Sbrana E, Tonry JH, Xiao SY, Travassos da Rosa APA, Higgs S, Tesh RB, 2005. Oral transmission of West Nile virus in a hamster model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :325–329.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 715 | 591 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 311 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 89 | 11 | 0 |
PERSISTENT SHEDDING OF WEST NILE VIRUS IN URINE OF EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED HAMSTERS
JESSICA H. TONRY
JESSICA H. TONRY
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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SHU-YUAN XIAO
SHU-YUAN XIAO
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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MARINA SIIRIN
MARINA SIIRIN
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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HONGLI CHEN
HONGLI CHEN
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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AMELIA P. A. TRAVASSOS DA ROSA
AMELIA P. A. TRAVASSOS DA ROSA
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ROBERT B. TESH
ROBERT B. TESH
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Adult hamsters that survived experimental West Nile virus (WNV) infection developed persistent viruria. Infectious WNV could be cultured from their urine for up to 52 days. Immunohistochemical examination of kidneys of viruric animals showed foci of WNV antigen in renal tubular epithelial and vascular endothelial cells. These findings are compatible with virus replication and persistent infection of renal epithelial cells. The potential clinical and virologic significance of these findings as well as their possible epidemiologic importance are discussed.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
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BibTeX
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-
1
Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Thiel HJ, 2000. Family Flaviviridae. Van Regenmortal MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 859–878.
-
2
Hayes CG, 1989. West Nile fever. Monath TP, eds. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 59–90.
-
3
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61 :185–234.
-
4
Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ, 2002. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :519–529.
-
5
Klenk K, Snow J, Morgan K, Bowen R, Stephens M, Foster F, Gordy P, Beckett S, Komar N, Gubler D, Bunning M, 2004. Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2150–2155.
-
6
Ravindra KV, Friefeld AG, Kalil AC, Mercer DF, Grant WJ, Botha JF, Wrenshall LE, Stevens RB, 2004. West Nile virus-associated encephalitis in recipients of renal and pancreas transplants: case series and literature review. Clin Infect Dis 38 :1257–1260.
-
7
Bunning ML, Bowen RA, Cropp CB, Sullivan KG, Davis BS, Komar N, Godsey MS, Baker D, Hettler DL, Holmes DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Mitchell CJ, 2002. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :380–386.
-
8
Xiao SY, Guzman H, Zhang H, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
9
Morrey JD, Day CW, Julander JG, Olsen AL, Sidwell RW, Cheney CD, Blatt LM, 2004. Modeling hamsters for evaluating West Nile virus therapies. Antiviral Res 63 :41–50.
-
10
Nathanson N, 1980. Pathogenesis. Monath TP, eds. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 201–236.
-
11
Ratterree MS, Gutierrez RA, Travassos da Rosa APA, Dille BJ, Beasley DWC, Bohm RP, Desai SM, Didier PJ, Bikenmeyer LG, Dawson GJ, Leary TP, Schochetman G, Phillippi-Falkenstein K, Arroyo J, Barrett ADT, Tesh RB, 2004. Experimental infection of rhesus macaques with West Nile virus: level and duration of viremia and kinetics of the antibody response after infection. J Infect Dis 189 :669–676.
-
12
Pealer LN, Marfin AA, Petersen LR, Lanciotti RS, Page PL, Stramer SL, Stobierski MG, Signs K, Newman B, Kapoor H, Goodman JL, Chamberland ME, 2003. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 349 :1236–1245.
-
13
Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A, Trepka MJ, Blackmore CG, Hellinger WC, Pham SM, Zaki S, Lanciotti RS, Lance-Parker SE, Diaz Granados CA, Winquist AG, Perlino CA, Wiersma S, Hillyer KL, Goodman JL, Marfin AA, Chamberland ME, Petersen LR, 2003. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 348 :2196–2203.
-
14
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infections - United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :681–683.
-
15
Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, Labowitz A, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, Campbell GL, 2003. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :376–379.
-
16
Pogodina VV, Frolova MP, Malenko GV, Fokina GI, Koreskova GV, Kiseleva LL, Bochkova NG, Ralph NV, 1983. Study on West Nile persistence in monkeys. Arch Virol 75 :71–86.
-
17
Pogodina VV, Frolova MP, Malenko GV, Fokina GI, Levina LS, Mamonenko LL, Koreshkova GV, Ralf NM, 1981. Persistence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in monkeys. 1. Features of experimental infection. Acta Virol 25 :337–343.
-
18
Gritsun TS, Frolova TV, Zhankov AI, Armesto M, Turner SL, Frolova MP, Pogodina VV, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA, 2003. Characterization of a Siberian virus isolated from a patient with progressive chronic tick-borne encephalitis. J Virol 77 :25–36.
-
19
Ravi V, Desai AS, Shenoy PK, Satishchandra P, Chandramuki A, Gourie-Devi M, 1993. Persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the human nervous system. J Med Virol 40 :326–329.
-
20
Sharma S, Mathur A, Prakash R, Kulshreshtha R, Kumar R, Chaturvedi UC, 1991. Japanese encephalitis virus latency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and recurrence of infection in children. Clin Exp Immunol 85 :85–89.
-
21
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
22
Fisher AF, Tesh RB, Tonry J, Guzman H, Liu D, Xiao SY, 2003. Induction of severe disease in hamsters by two sandfly fever group viruses, Punta Toro and Gabek Forest (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae), similar to that caused by Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :269–276.
-
23
Xiao SY, Zhang H, Guzman H, Tesh RB, 2001. Experimental yellow fever virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). 2. Pathology. J Infect Dis 183 :1437–1444.
-
24
Tesh RB, Arroyo J, Travassos da Rosa APA, Guzman H, Xiao SY, Monath TP, 2002. Efficacy of killed virus vaccine, live attenuated chimeric virus vaccine, and passive immunization for prevention of West Nile virus encephalitis in hamster model. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1392–1397.
-
25
Shope TC, Klein-Robbenhaar J, Miller G, 1972. Fatal encephalitis due to Herpesvirus homminis: use of intact brain cells for isolation of virus. J Infect Dis 125 :542–544.
-
26
Johnson HN, 1970. Long-term persistence of Modoc virus in hamster kidney cells. In vivo and in vitro demonstration. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :537–539.
-
27
Davis JW, Hardy JL, 1974. Characterization of persistent Modoc viral infection in Syrian hamsters. Infect Immun 10 :328–334.
-
28
Davis JW, Hardy JL, Reeves WC, 1974. Modoc viral infections in the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. Infect Immun 10 :1362–1369.
-
29
Hardy JL, Reeves WC, 1999. Experimental studies on infection in vertebrates. Reeves WC, Asman SM, Hardy JL, Milby MM, Reisen WK, eds. Epidemiology and Control of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in California, 1943–1987. Sacramento, CA: California Mosquito and Vector Control Association, 66–127.
-
30
Burkweitz S, Kleiboeker S, Marioni K, Ramos-Vara J, Rottinghaus A, Schwabenton B, Johnson B, 2003. Serological, reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical detection of West Nile virus in a clinically affected dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 15 :324–329.
-
31
Komar N, Lanciotti R, Bowen R, Langevin S, Bunning M, 2002. Detection of West Nile virus in oral and cloacal swabs collected from bird carcasses. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :741–742.
-
32
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infec Dis 9 :311–322.
-
33
Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Hunter S, Paddock CD, Morken T, Grant L, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Zaki SR, 2004. Clinicopathological study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis. Human Pathol 35 :983–990.
-
34
Kiupel M, Simmons HA, Fitzgerald SD, Wise A, Sikarskie JG, Cooley TM, Hollamby SR, Maes R, 2003. West Nile virus infection in eastern fox squirrels (Scuirus niger). Vet Pathol 40 :703–707.
-
35
Odelola HA, Oduye OO, 1977. West Nile virus infection of adult mice by oral route. Arch Virol 54 :251–253.
-
36
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast feeding-Michigan, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :577–578.
-
37
Sbrana E, Tonry JH, Xiao SY, Travassos da Rosa APA, Higgs S, Tesh RB, 2005. Oral transmission of West Nile virus in a hamster model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :325–329.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 715 | 591 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 311 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 89 | 11 | 0 |