Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Madden F, 1899. A case of bilharzia of the vagina. Lancet 1716–1710.
-
2
Leutscher P, Raharisolo C, Pecarrere JL, Ravaoalimalala VE, Serieye J, Rasendramino M, Vennervald B, Feldmeier H, Esterre P, 1997. Schistosoma haematobium induced lesions in the female genital tract in a village in Madagascar. Acta Trop 66 :27–33.
-
3
Poggensee G, Kiwelu I, Saria M, Richter J, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 1998. Schistosomiasis of the lower reproductive tract without egg excretion in urine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :782–783.
-
4
Renaud G, Devidas A, Develoux M, Lamothe F, Bianchi G, 1989. Prevalence of vaginal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium in an endemic village in Niger. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :797.
-
5
Kjetland EF, Poggensee G, Helling-Giese G, Richter J, Sjaastad A, Chitsulo L, Kumwenda N, Gundersen SG, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 1996. Female genital schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium. Clinical and parasitological findings in women in rural Malawi. Acta Trop 62 :239–255.
-
6
Helling-Giese G, Sjaastad A, Poggensee G, Kjetland EF, Richter J, Chitsulo L, Kumwenda N, Racz P, Roald B, Gundersen SG, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 1996. Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS): relationship between gynecological and histopathological findings. Acta Trop 62 :257–267.
-
7
Bland KG, Gelfand M, 1970. The effects of schistosomiasis on the cervix uteri in the African female. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 77 :1127–1131.
-
8
Feldmeier H, Poggensee G, Krantz I, Helling-Giese G, 1995. Female genital schistosomiasis. New challenges from a gender perspective. Trop Geogr Med 47 :S2–15.
-
9
van der Werf MJ, de Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, Engels D, 2003. Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 86 :125–139.
-
10
Badawy A, 1962. Schistosomiasis of the cervix. BMJ 5275 :369–372.
-
11
Edington GM, Nwabuebo I, Junaid TA, 1975. The pathology of schistosomiasis in Ibadan, Nigeria with special reference to the appendix, brain, pancreas and genital organs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 69 :153–156.
-
12
Wright ED, Chipangwi J, Hutt MSR, 1982. Schistosomiasis of the female genital tract. A histopathological study of 176 cases from Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76 :822–829.
-
13
Youssef A, Fayad M, Shafeek MA-E-D, 1970. Bilharziasis of the cervix uteri. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 77 :847–851.
-
14
Gelfand M, Ross WF, Blair DM, Weber MC, 1971. Distribution and extent of schistosomiasis in female pelvic organs, with special reference to the genital tract, as determined at autopsy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20 :846–849.
-
15
Smith J, Christie J, 1986. The pathobiology of Schistosoma haematobium infection in humans. Hum Pathol 17 :333–345.
-
16
Berry A, 1966. A cytopathological and histopathological study of bilharziasis of the female genital tract. Pathol Bacteriol 91 :325–337.
-
17
Williams AO, 1967. Pathology of schistosomiasis of the uterine cervix due to S. haematobium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 98 :784–791.
-
18
El-Zeneiny AH, Badawy SZ, Iskander SG, 1968. Bilharziasis of the female genital tract. J Egypt Med Assoc 51 :543–553.
-
19
Gibson RWB, 1925. Bilharziasis of the female genital tract. Med J South Africa 21 :44–45.
-
20
Leutscher P, Ravaoalimalala VE, Raharisolo C, Ramarokoto CE, Rasendramino M, Raobelison A, Vennervald B, Esterre P, Feldmeier H, 1998. Clinical findings in female genital schistosomiasis in Madagascar. Trop Med Int Health 3 :327–332.
-
21
Poggensee G, Kiwelu I, Weger V, Goppner D, Diedrich T, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 2000. Female genital schistosomiasis of the lower genital tract: prevalence and disease-associated morbidity in northern Tanzania. J Infect Dis 181 :1210–1213.
-
22
Statistics, Demography, 1997. Inter-Censal Demographic Survey Report in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Central Office.
-
23
Essential Drug List for Zimbabwe, 1998. Essential Drugs List and Standard Treatment Guidelines for Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: National Drug and Therapeutic Policy Advisory Committee.
-
24
Swart PJ, van der Merwe JV, 1987. Wet-smear diagnosis of genital schistosomiasis. Med J South Africa 72 :631–632.
-
25
Poggensee G, Sahebali S, van Marck E, Swai B, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 2001. Diagnosis of genital cervical schistosomiasis: comparison of cytological, histopathological and parasitological examination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :233–236.
-
26
Doehring E, Feldmeier H, Dafalla AA, 1983. Day-to day variation and circadian rhythm of egg excretion in urinary schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 77 :587–594.
-
27
Roesel DJ, Gwanzura L, Mason PR, Joffe M, Katzenstein DA, 1998. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Haemophilus ducreyi DNA. Sex Transm Infect 74 :63–65.
-
28
Mason PR, Gregson S, Gwanzura L, Cappuccinelli P, Rapelli P, Fiori PL, 2001. Enzyme immunoassay for urogenital trichomoniasis as a marker of unsafe sexual behaviour. Epidemiol Infect 126 :103–109.
-
29
Joesoef MR, Hillier SL, Josodiwondo S, Linnan M, 1991. Reproducibility of a scoring system for gram stain diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1730–1731.
-
30
Baay MFD, Kjetland EF, Ndhlovu PD, Deschoolmeester V, Mduluza T, Gomo E, Friis H, Midzi N, Gwanzura L, Mason PR, Vermorken JB, Gundersen SG, 2004. Human papilloma-virus in a rural community in Zimbabwe: the impact of HIV co-infection on HPV genotype distribution. J Med Virol 73 :481–485.
-
31
Latif AS, Mason PR, Paraiwa E, 1998. The treatment of donovanosis (granuloma inguinale). Sex Transm Dis 15 :27–29.
-
32
Kjetland EF, Gwanzura L, Ndhlovu PD, Mduluza T, Gomo E, Mason PR, Midzi N, Friis H, Gundersen SG, 2004. Herpes simplex virus type 2 prevalence of epidemic proportions in rural Zimbabwean women: association with other sexually transmitted infections. Arch Gynecol Obstet (in press).
-
33
Friedberg D, Berry A, Schneider J, 1991. Schistosomiasis of the female genital tract. Med J South Africa 80 (Suppl):2–15.
-
34
Freedman D, Ottesen E, 1988. Eggs of Schistosoma mansoni stimulate endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. J Infect Dis 158 :556–562.
-
35
Szela E, Bachicha J, Miller D, Till M, Wilson JB, 1993. Schistosomiasis and cervical cancer in Ghana. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 42 :127–130.
-
36
Moubayed P, Lepere J-F, Mwakyoma H, Neuvians D, 1994. Carcinoma of the uterine cervix and schistosomiasis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 45 :133–139.
-
37
Colley DG, Secor WE, 2004. Immunoregulation and World Health Assembly resolution 54.19: why does treatment control morbidity? Parasitol Int 53 :143–150.
-
38
WHO, 1998. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis Control. Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Parasites Control. Planning and Technical Guidance, Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–45.
-
39
Gregson S, Mason PR, Garnett GP, Zhuwau T, Nyamukapa CA, Anderson RM, Chandiwana SK, 2001. A rural HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe? Findings from a population-based survey. AIDS 12 :189–196.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2586 | 2397 | 865 |
| Full Text Views | 781 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 364 | 16 | 0 |
SIMPLE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GENITAL SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM INFECTION IN RURAL ZIMBABWEAN WOMEN
EYRUN FLOERECKE KJETLAND
EYRUN FLOERECKE KJETLAND
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by EYRUN FLOERECKE KJETLAND in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by EYRUN FLOERECKE KJETLAND in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
PATRICIA D. NDHLOVU
PATRICIA D. NDHLOVU
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by PATRICIA D. NDHLOVU in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by PATRICIA D. NDHLOVU in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
TAKAFIRA MDULUZA
TAKAFIRA MDULUZA
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by TAKAFIRA MDULUZA in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by TAKAFIRA MDULUZA in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
EXENEVIA GOMO
EXENEVIA GOMO
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by EXENEVIA GOMO in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by EXENEVIA GOMO in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
LOVEMORE GWANZURA
LOVEMORE GWANZURA
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by LOVEMORE GWANZURA in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by LOVEMORE GWANZURA in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
PETER R. MASON
PETER R. MASON
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by PETER R. MASON in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by PETER R. MASON in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
EDITH NYARADZAI KUREWA
EDITH NYARADZAI KUREWA
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by EDITH NYARADZAI KUREWA in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by EDITH NYARADZAI KUREWA in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
NICHOLAS MIDZI
NICHOLAS MIDZI
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by NICHOLAS MIDZI in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by NICHOLAS MIDZI in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
HENRIK FRIIS
HENRIK FRIIS
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by HENRIK FRIIS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by HENRIK FRIIS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
SVEIN GUNNAR GUNDERSEN
SVEIN GUNNAR GUNDERSEN
Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blair Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital/Department of Health and Sports, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
Search for other papers by SVEIN GUNNAR GUNDERSEN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by SVEIN GUNNAR GUNDERSEN in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Up to 75% of women with urinary schistosomiasis have Schistosoma haematobium ova in the genitals. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of gynecologic S. haematobium infection and to differentiate the disease from sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Gynecologic and laboratory investigations for S. haematobium and STIs were performed in 527 women between the ages of 20 and 49 in rural Zimbabwe. Genital homogenous yellow and/or grainy sandy patches, the commonest type of genital pathology, were identified in 243 (46%) women. Grainy sandy patches were significantly associated with S. haematobium ova only. Genital S. haematobium ova was also significantly associated with homogenous yellow sandy patches, mucosal bleeding, and abnormal blood vessels. The presence of ova was not a predictor for ulcers, papillomata, leukoplakia, polyps, or cell atypia. Mucosal sandy patches seem to be pathognomonic for S. haematobium infection in the female genitals. Coexistence of ova and other lesions may not be causal.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Madden F, 1899. A case of bilharzia of the vagina. Lancet 1716–1710.
-
2
Leutscher P, Raharisolo C, Pecarrere JL, Ravaoalimalala VE, Serieye J, Rasendramino M, Vennervald B, Feldmeier H, Esterre P, 1997. Schistosoma haematobium induced lesions in the female genital tract in a village in Madagascar. Acta Trop 66 :27–33.
-
3
Poggensee G, Kiwelu I, Saria M, Richter J, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 1998. Schistosomiasis of the lower reproductive tract without egg excretion in urine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :782–783.
-
4
Renaud G, Devidas A, Develoux M, Lamothe F, Bianchi G, 1989. Prevalence of vaginal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium in an endemic village in Niger. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :797.
-
5
Kjetland EF, Poggensee G, Helling-Giese G, Richter J, Sjaastad A, Chitsulo L, Kumwenda N, Gundersen SG, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 1996. Female genital schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium. Clinical and parasitological findings in women in rural Malawi. Acta Trop 62 :239–255.
-
6
Helling-Giese G, Sjaastad A, Poggensee G, Kjetland EF, Richter J, Chitsulo L, Kumwenda N, Racz P, Roald B, Gundersen SG, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 1996. Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS): relationship between gynecological and histopathological findings. Acta Trop 62 :257–267.
-
7
Bland KG, Gelfand M, 1970. The effects of schistosomiasis on the cervix uteri in the African female. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 77 :1127–1131.
-
8
Feldmeier H, Poggensee G, Krantz I, Helling-Giese G, 1995. Female genital schistosomiasis. New challenges from a gender perspective. Trop Geogr Med 47 :S2–15.
-
9
van der Werf MJ, de Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, Engels D, 2003. Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 86 :125–139.
-
10
Badawy A, 1962. Schistosomiasis of the cervix. BMJ 5275 :369–372.
-
11
Edington GM, Nwabuebo I, Junaid TA, 1975. The pathology of schistosomiasis in Ibadan, Nigeria with special reference to the appendix, brain, pancreas and genital organs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 69 :153–156.
-
12
Wright ED, Chipangwi J, Hutt MSR, 1982. Schistosomiasis of the female genital tract. A histopathological study of 176 cases from Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76 :822–829.
-
13
Youssef A, Fayad M, Shafeek MA-E-D, 1970. Bilharziasis of the cervix uteri. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 77 :847–851.
-
14
Gelfand M, Ross WF, Blair DM, Weber MC, 1971. Distribution and extent of schistosomiasis in female pelvic organs, with special reference to the genital tract, as determined at autopsy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20 :846–849.
-
15
Smith J, Christie J, 1986. The pathobiology of Schistosoma haematobium infection in humans. Hum Pathol 17 :333–345.
-
16
Berry A, 1966. A cytopathological and histopathological study of bilharziasis of the female genital tract. Pathol Bacteriol 91 :325–337.
-
17
Williams AO, 1967. Pathology of schistosomiasis of the uterine cervix due to S. haematobium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 98 :784–791.
-
18
El-Zeneiny AH, Badawy SZ, Iskander SG, 1968. Bilharziasis of the female genital tract. J Egypt Med Assoc 51 :543–553.
-
19
Gibson RWB, 1925. Bilharziasis of the female genital tract. Med J South Africa 21 :44–45.
-
20
Leutscher P, Ravaoalimalala VE, Raharisolo C, Ramarokoto CE, Rasendramino M, Raobelison A, Vennervald B, Esterre P, Feldmeier H, 1998. Clinical findings in female genital schistosomiasis in Madagascar. Trop Med Int Health 3 :327–332.
-
21
Poggensee G, Kiwelu I, Weger V, Goppner D, Diedrich T, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 2000. Female genital schistosomiasis of the lower genital tract: prevalence and disease-associated morbidity in northern Tanzania. J Infect Dis 181 :1210–1213.
-
22
Statistics, Demography, 1997. Inter-Censal Demographic Survey Report in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Central Office.
-
23
Essential Drug List for Zimbabwe, 1998. Essential Drugs List and Standard Treatment Guidelines for Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: National Drug and Therapeutic Policy Advisory Committee.
-
24
Swart PJ, van der Merwe JV, 1987. Wet-smear diagnosis of genital schistosomiasis. Med J South Africa 72 :631–632.
-
25
Poggensee G, Sahebali S, van Marck E, Swai B, Krantz I, Feldmeier H, 2001. Diagnosis of genital cervical schistosomiasis: comparison of cytological, histopathological and parasitological examination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :233–236.
-
26
Doehring E, Feldmeier H, Dafalla AA, 1983. Day-to day variation and circadian rhythm of egg excretion in urinary schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 77 :587–594.
-
27
Roesel DJ, Gwanzura L, Mason PR, Joffe M, Katzenstein DA, 1998. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Haemophilus ducreyi DNA. Sex Transm Infect 74 :63–65.
-
28
Mason PR, Gregson S, Gwanzura L, Cappuccinelli P, Rapelli P, Fiori PL, 2001. Enzyme immunoassay for urogenital trichomoniasis as a marker of unsafe sexual behaviour. Epidemiol Infect 126 :103–109.
-
29
Joesoef MR, Hillier SL, Josodiwondo S, Linnan M, 1991. Reproducibility of a scoring system for gram stain diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1730–1731.
-
30
Baay MFD, Kjetland EF, Ndhlovu PD, Deschoolmeester V, Mduluza T, Gomo E, Friis H, Midzi N, Gwanzura L, Mason PR, Vermorken JB, Gundersen SG, 2004. Human papilloma-virus in a rural community in Zimbabwe: the impact of HIV co-infection on HPV genotype distribution. J Med Virol 73 :481–485.
-
31
Latif AS, Mason PR, Paraiwa E, 1998. The treatment of donovanosis (granuloma inguinale). Sex Transm Dis 15 :27–29.
-
32
Kjetland EF, Gwanzura L, Ndhlovu PD, Mduluza T, Gomo E, Mason PR, Midzi N, Friis H, Gundersen SG, 2004. Herpes simplex virus type 2 prevalence of epidemic proportions in rural Zimbabwean women: association with other sexually transmitted infections. Arch Gynecol Obstet (in press).
-
33
Friedberg D, Berry A, Schneider J, 1991. Schistosomiasis of the female genital tract. Med J South Africa 80 (Suppl):2–15.
-
34
Freedman D, Ottesen E, 1988. Eggs of Schistosoma mansoni stimulate endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. J Infect Dis 158 :556–562.
-
35
Szela E, Bachicha J, Miller D, Till M, Wilson JB, 1993. Schistosomiasis and cervical cancer in Ghana. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 42 :127–130.
-
36
Moubayed P, Lepere J-F, Mwakyoma H, Neuvians D, 1994. Carcinoma of the uterine cervix and schistosomiasis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 45 :133–139.
-
37
Colley DG, Secor WE, 2004. Immunoregulation and World Health Assembly resolution 54.19: why does treatment control morbidity? Parasitol Int 53 :143–150.
-
38
WHO, 1998. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis Control. Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Parasites Control. Planning and Technical Guidance, Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–45.
-
39
Gregson S, Mason PR, Garnett GP, Zhuwau T, Nyamukapa CA, Anderson RM, Chandiwana SK, 2001. A rural HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe? Findings from a population-based survey. AIDS 12 :189–196.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2586 | 2397 | 865 |
| Full Text Views | 781 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 364 | 16 | 0 |