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-
1
Kalra NL, 1974. Filariasis among aborigines of Andaman and Nicobar islands. J Commun Dis 6 :40–56.
-
2
Russel S, Das M, Rao CK, 1975. Filariasis in Andaman and Nicobar Islands I. Survey findings- Nancowry, Teressa, Chowra, Car Nicobar and Port Blair. J Commun Dis 7 :15–30.
-
3
Shriram AN, Murhekar MV, Ramaiah KD, Sehgal SC, 2002. Prevalence of diurnally sub-periodic bancroftian filariasis among the Nicobarese in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India: Effect of age and gender. Trop Med Int Health 7 :949–954.
-
4
Tewari SC, Hiriyan JH, Reuben R, 1995. Epidemiology of sub periodic W. bancrofti infection in the Nicobar Islands, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :163–166.
-
5
Reinert JF, 2000. New classification for the composite genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini), elevation of subgenus Ochlerotatus to generic rank, reclassification of the other sub genera, and notes on certain subgenera and species. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 16 :175–188.
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6
Samarawickrema WA, 1967. A study of the age composition of natural population of Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedmann in relation to the transmission of filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) in Ceylon. Bull World Health Organ 37 :117–137.
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7
Vanamail P, Ramaiah KD, 1991. Biting periodicity index of Culex quinquefasciatus and its relationship with microfilaria periodicity in Pondicherry. Indian J Med Res 93 :379–383.
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8
Rakai IM, Naserua JD, Macnamara FN, Pillai JS, 1974. Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji. IV. Biting times for village mosquitoes and human filaria transmission potential of Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes pseudoscutellaris. J Med Entomol 11 :588–594.
-
9
Jachowski LA, 1954. Filariasis in American Samoa. V. Bionomics of the principal vector Aedes polynesiensis Marks. Am J Hyg 60 :186–203.
-
10
Ramalingam S, 1968. The epidemiology of filarial transmission in Samoa and Tonga. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 62 :305–323.
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11
Polovodova VP, 1949. Determination of the physiological age of female Anopheles, Mediteinskaia Paraziologgia I. Parazitarnye Bolezini (Moskva) 18 :352–355.
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12
Sasa M, 1976. Human Filariasis: A Global Survey of Epidemiology and Control. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
-
13
Haddow AJ, 1960. Studies on the biting habits and medical importance of East African mosquitoes in the genus Aedes. I subgenera Aedimorphus, Banksinella and Dunis. Bull Entomol Res 50 :759–779.
-
14
Gould DJ, Bailey CL, Vongpradist S, 1982. Implication of forest mosquitoes in the transmission of W. bancrofti in Thailand. Mosq News 42 :560–564.
-
15
Haddow AJ, 1954. Studies on the biting habits of African mosquitoes. An appraisal of methods employed with special reference to the twenty hour catch. Bull Entomol Res 45 :199–242.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 32 | 32 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 202 | 46 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 48 | 13 | 0 |
DIURNAL PATTERN OF HUMAN-BITING ACTIVITY AND TRANSMISSION OF SUBPERIODIC WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI (FILARIIDEA: DIPETALONEMATIDAE) BY OCHLEROTATUS NIVEUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) ON THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS OF INDIA
ANANGANALLUR N. SHRIRAM
ANANGANALLUR N. SHRIRAM
Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands India; Vector Control Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pondicherry India
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KAPA D. RAMAIAH
KAPA D. RAMAIAH
Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands India; Vector Control Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pondicherry India
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KALIANNAGOUNDER KRISHNAMOORTHY
KALIANNAGOUNDER KRISHNAMOORTHY
Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands India; Vector Control Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pondicherry India
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SUBASH C. SEHGAL
SUBASH C. SEHGAL
Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands India; Vector Control Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pondicherry India
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We monitored diel-landing periodicity (biting activity/cycle) of Ochlerotatus niveus and the infection/infectivity pattern through human-landing collections on Teressa Island, which is remotely located in the Nicobar district of the Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands of India, for a period of one year. The biting activity was seen throughout the day, exhibiting a bimodal peak, the first at dawn (4:00–6:00 am) and the other towards dusk (5:00–6:00 pm). This pattern was similar during all the seasons of the year. Peak biting hours of Oc. niveus coincides with the peak appearance of microfilariae. Overall infection and infectivity rates were 2.65% and 0.5%, respectively. Perennial transmission is evident from the records of vectors with parasites (infection), including infective larvae in all months of the year, although no infective mosquitoes were recorded at a few points. The risk of transmission of filariasis based on parity status of Oc. niveus was maximal at dusk (5:00–6:00 pm) in this region. The issue of control with respect to reducing human-vector contact is discussed.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Kalra NL, 1974. Filariasis among aborigines of Andaman and Nicobar islands. J Commun Dis 6 :40–56.
-
2
Russel S, Das M, Rao CK, 1975. Filariasis in Andaman and Nicobar Islands I. Survey findings- Nancowry, Teressa, Chowra, Car Nicobar and Port Blair. J Commun Dis 7 :15–30.
-
3
Shriram AN, Murhekar MV, Ramaiah KD, Sehgal SC, 2002. Prevalence of diurnally sub-periodic bancroftian filariasis among the Nicobarese in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India: Effect of age and gender. Trop Med Int Health 7 :949–954.
-
4
Tewari SC, Hiriyan JH, Reuben R, 1995. Epidemiology of sub periodic W. bancrofti infection in the Nicobar Islands, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :163–166.
-
5
Reinert JF, 2000. New classification for the composite genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini), elevation of subgenus Ochlerotatus to generic rank, reclassification of the other sub genera, and notes on certain subgenera and species. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 16 :175–188.
-
6
Samarawickrema WA, 1967. A study of the age composition of natural population of Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedmann in relation to the transmission of filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) in Ceylon. Bull World Health Organ 37 :117–137.
-
7
Vanamail P, Ramaiah KD, 1991. Biting periodicity index of Culex quinquefasciatus and its relationship with microfilaria periodicity in Pondicherry. Indian J Med Res 93 :379–383.
-
8
Rakai IM, Naserua JD, Macnamara FN, Pillai JS, 1974. Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji. IV. Biting times for village mosquitoes and human filaria transmission potential of Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes pseudoscutellaris. J Med Entomol 11 :588–594.
-
9
Jachowski LA, 1954. Filariasis in American Samoa. V. Bionomics of the principal vector Aedes polynesiensis Marks. Am J Hyg 60 :186–203.
-
10
Ramalingam S, 1968. The epidemiology of filarial transmission in Samoa and Tonga. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 62 :305–323.
-
11
Polovodova VP, 1949. Determination of the physiological age of female Anopheles, Mediteinskaia Paraziologgia I. Parazitarnye Bolezini (Moskva) 18 :352–355.
-
12
Sasa M, 1976. Human Filariasis: A Global Survey of Epidemiology and Control. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
-
13
Haddow AJ, 1960. Studies on the biting habits and medical importance of East African mosquitoes in the genus Aedes. I subgenera Aedimorphus, Banksinella and Dunis. Bull Entomol Res 50 :759–779.
-
14
Gould DJ, Bailey CL, Vongpradist S, 1982. Implication of forest mosquitoes in the transmission of W. bancrofti in Thailand. Mosq News 42 :560–564.
-
15
Haddow AJ, 1954. Studies on the biting habits of African mosquitoes. An appraisal of methods employed with special reference to the twenty hour catch. Bull Entomol Res 45 :199–242.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 32 | 32 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 202 | 46 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 48 | 13 | 0 |