ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Vaughn DW, Hoke CH, 1992. The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: prospects for prevention. Epidemiol Rev 14 :197–221.
-
2
Endy TP, Nisalak A, 2002. Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology. Cur Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :11–48.
-
3
DeFoliart GR, Grimstad PR, Watts DM, 1987. Advances in mosquito-borne arbovirus/vector research. Annu Rev Entomol 32 :479–505.
-
4
Anderson RA, Brust RA, 1995. Field evidence of multiple host contacts during blood feeding by Culex tarsalis, Cx. restuans and Cx. nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 32 :95–101.
-
5
Macdonald G, 1957. The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
6
Garrett-Jones C, 1964. Prognosis for interruption of malaria transmission through assessment of the mosquito’s vectorial capacity. Nature 204 :1173–1174.
-
7
Scott TW, McLean RG, Francy DB, Card CS, 1983. A simulation model for the vector-host transmission system of a mosquito-borne avian virus, Turlock (Bunyaviridae). J Med Entomol 20 :625–640.
-
8
Boreham PFL, Garrett-Jones C, 1973. Prevalence of mixed blood meals and double feeding in a malaria vector (Anopheles sacharovi, Favre). Bull World Health Organ 48 :605–614.
-
9
Burkot TR, Graves PM, Paru R, Lagog M, 1988. Mixed blood feeding by the malaria vectors in the Anopheles punctulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 25 :205–213.
-
10
Mahmood F, Crans WJ, 1997. Observations on multiple blood feeding in field collected Culiseta melanura. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 13 :156–157.
-
11
Wekesa JW, Yuval B, Washino RK, 1997. Multiple blood feeding by Anopheles freeborni and Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae): Spatial and Temporal Variation. J Med Entomol 34 :219–225.
-
12
Amerasinghe PH, Amerasinghe FP, 1999. Multiple host feeding in field populations of Anopheles culicifacies and An. subpictus in Sri Lanka. Med Vet Entomol 13 :124–131.
-
13
Collins RT, Dash BK, Agarwala RS, Dhal KB, 1986. An adaptation of the gel diffusion technique for identifying the source of mosquito blood meals. Indian J Malariol 23 :81–89.
-
14
Reuben R, Thenmozhi V, Samuel PP, Gajanana A, Mani TR, 1992. Mosquito blood feeding patterns as a factor in the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :654–663.
-
15
Edman JD, Scott TW, 1987. Host defensive behavior and the feeding success of mosquitoes. Insect Sci Applic 8 :617–622.
-
16
Edman JD, Kale HW, Webber LA, 1972. Effect of mosquito density on the interrelationship of host behavior and mosquito feeding success. Am J Trop Med Hyg 21 :487–491.
-
17
Magnarelli LA, 1979. Feeding behavior of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on man, raccoons and white-footed mice. Ann Entomol Soc Am 72 :62–166.
-
18
Griffiths RB, Gordon RM, 1952. An apparatus which enables the process of feeding by mosquitoes to be observed in the tissues of live rodent; together with an account of the saliva and its significance. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 33 :259–278.
-
19
Hurlbut HS, 1966. Mosquito salivation and virus transmission. Am J Med Trop Hyg 15 :989–993.
-
20
Lorenz LH, Scoot TW, 1996. Detection of multiple blood feeding in Cs. melanura. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :135–136.
-
21
Hadis M, Lulu M, Makonnen Y, Asfaw T, 1997. Host choice by indoor-resting Anopheles arabiensis in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :376–378.
-
22
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, Garrett-Jones C, Weitz B, 1966. Ten years study (1955–1964) of host selection by anopheline mosquitoes. Bull World Health Organ 35 :405–439.
-
23
Ritchie S, van den Hurk A, Shield J, 1997. The 1995 Japanese encephalitis outbreak: why Badu? Arbovirus Res Aust 7 :224–227.
-
24
van den Hurk AF, Ritchie SA, 1997. Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait: surveillance of suspected vectors. Arbovirus Res Aust 7 :105–111.
-
25
van den Hurk AF, Johansen CA, Zborowski P, Paru R, Foley PN, Beebe NW, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA, 2003. Mosquito host-feeding patterns and implications for Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Med Vet Entomol 17 :403–411.
-
26
Mwandawiro C, Boots M, Tuno N, Suwonkerd W, Tsuda Y, Takagi M, 2000. Heterogeneity in the host preference of Japanese encephalitis vectors in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :238–242.
-
27
Colless DH, 1959. Notes on the culicine mosquitoes of Singapore. VII. Host preferences in relation to the transmission of disease. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 53 :259–267.
-
28
Pennington NE, Phelps CA, 1968. Identification of the host range of Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes on Okinawa, Ryuku Islands. J Med Entomol 5 :483–487.
-
29
Mitchell CJ, Chen PS, Boreham PFL, 1973. Host-feeding patterns of four Culex species in an endemic area of Japanese encephalitis. Bull World Health Organ 49 :293–299.
-
30
Christopher S, Reuben R, 1971. Studies on the mosquitoes of North Arcot District, Madras State India. Part 4: Host preferences as shown by precipitin tests. J Med Entomol 8 :314–318.
-
31
Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM, 1969. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, south India. Part V. Experimental infection and transmission. Indian J Med Res 57 :282–289.
-
32
Ilkal MA, Dhanda V, Rao BU, George S, Mishra AC, Prasanna Y, Gopalakrishna S, Pavri KM, 1988. Absence of viraemia in cattle after experimental infection with Japanese encephalitis virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :628–631.
-
33
Gajanana A, Thenmozhi V, Samuel PP, Reuben R, 1995. A community-based study of subclinical flavivirus infections in children in an area of Tamil Nadu, India, where Japanese encephalitis is endemic. Bull World Health Organ 73 :237–244.
-
34
Vijayarani H, Gajanana A, 2000. Low rate of Japanese encephalitis infection in rural children in Thanjavur district (Tamil Nadu), an area with extensive paddy cultivation. Indian J Med Res 111 :212–214.
-
35
Thein S, Aung H, Sebastian AA, 1988. Study of vector, amplifier, and human infection with Japanese encephalitis virus in a Rangoon community. Am J Epidemiol 128 :1376–1383.
-
36
Peiris JSM, Amerasinghe FP, Amerasinghe PH, Ratnayke CB, Karunaratne SHPP, Tsai TF, 1992. Japanese encephalitis in Sri Lanka—the study of an epidemic: vector incrimination, porcine infection and human disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :307–313.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 307 | 259 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 287 | 8 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 96 | 6 | 0 |
SHORT REPORT: OBSERVATIONS ON THE MULTIPLE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF CULEX TRITAENIORHYNCHUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE), THE VECTOR OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS IN KERALA IN SOUTHERN INDIA
N. ARUNACHALAM
N. ARUNACHALAM
Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Chinna Chokkikulam Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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P. PHILIP SAMUEL
P. PHILIP SAMUEL
Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Chinna Chokkikulam Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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J. HIRIYAN
J. HIRIYAN
Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Chinna Chokkikulam Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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R. RAJENDRAN
R. RAJENDRAN
Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Chinna Chokkikulam Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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A. P. DASH
A. P. DASH
Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Chinna Chokkikulam Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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A study was undertaken in villages endemic for Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Kerala in southern India during the period 1998–2001 to determine the host-feeding pattern of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, the major vector of JE in southeast Asia. A total of 3,067 blood-engorged Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were tested and 2,553 (82.2%) of the samples could be identified. Culex tritaeniorhynchus had fed mainly (56.6%) on cattle. Pig feeding accounted 6.3% of the total samples. Some samples (n = 980, 38.3%) were of serologic mixed origin. Of 980 mixed blood-fed mosquitoes, 975 (99.5%) had imbibed blood from two distinct hosts and 5 (0.5%) imbibed blood from three distinct hosts. Mixed blood meals were mostly (96.7%) from cattle and goats. The epidemiologic implications of multiple feeding of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus on dampening (dead-end) hosts such as cattle and goats in the transmission of JE virus is discussed.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Vaughn DW, Hoke CH, 1992. The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: prospects for prevention. Epidemiol Rev 14 :197–221.
-
2
Endy TP, Nisalak A, 2002. Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology. Cur Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :11–48.
-
3
DeFoliart GR, Grimstad PR, Watts DM, 1987. Advances in mosquito-borne arbovirus/vector research. Annu Rev Entomol 32 :479–505.
-
4
Anderson RA, Brust RA, 1995. Field evidence of multiple host contacts during blood feeding by Culex tarsalis, Cx. restuans and Cx. nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 32 :95–101.
-
5
Macdonald G, 1957. The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
6
Garrett-Jones C, 1964. Prognosis for interruption of malaria transmission through assessment of the mosquito’s vectorial capacity. Nature 204 :1173–1174.
-
7
Scott TW, McLean RG, Francy DB, Card CS, 1983. A simulation model for the vector-host transmission system of a mosquito-borne avian virus, Turlock (Bunyaviridae). J Med Entomol 20 :625–640.
-
8
Boreham PFL, Garrett-Jones C, 1973. Prevalence of mixed blood meals and double feeding in a malaria vector (Anopheles sacharovi, Favre). Bull World Health Organ 48 :605–614.
-
9
Burkot TR, Graves PM, Paru R, Lagog M, 1988. Mixed blood feeding by the malaria vectors in the Anopheles punctulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 25 :205–213.
-
10
Mahmood F, Crans WJ, 1997. Observations on multiple blood feeding in field collected Culiseta melanura. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 13 :156–157.
-
11
Wekesa JW, Yuval B, Washino RK, 1997. Multiple blood feeding by Anopheles freeborni and Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae): Spatial and Temporal Variation. J Med Entomol 34 :219–225.
-
12
Amerasinghe PH, Amerasinghe FP, 1999. Multiple host feeding in field populations of Anopheles culicifacies and An. subpictus in Sri Lanka. Med Vet Entomol 13 :124–131.
-
13
Collins RT, Dash BK, Agarwala RS, Dhal KB, 1986. An adaptation of the gel diffusion technique for identifying the source of mosquito blood meals. Indian J Malariol 23 :81–89.
-
14
Reuben R, Thenmozhi V, Samuel PP, Gajanana A, Mani TR, 1992. Mosquito blood feeding patterns as a factor in the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46 :654–663.
-
15
Edman JD, Scott TW, 1987. Host defensive behavior and the feeding success of mosquitoes. Insect Sci Applic 8 :617–622.
-
16
Edman JD, Kale HW, Webber LA, 1972. Effect of mosquito density on the interrelationship of host behavior and mosquito feeding success. Am J Trop Med Hyg 21 :487–491.
-
17
Magnarelli LA, 1979. Feeding behavior of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on man, raccoons and white-footed mice. Ann Entomol Soc Am 72 :62–166.
-
18
Griffiths RB, Gordon RM, 1952. An apparatus which enables the process of feeding by mosquitoes to be observed in the tissues of live rodent; together with an account of the saliva and its significance. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 33 :259–278.
-
19
Hurlbut HS, 1966. Mosquito salivation and virus transmission. Am J Med Trop Hyg 15 :989–993.
-
20
Lorenz LH, Scoot TW, 1996. Detection of multiple blood feeding in Cs. melanura. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :135–136.
-
21
Hadis M, Lulu M, Makonnen Y, Asfaw T, 1997. Host choice by indoor-resting Anopheles arabiensis in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :376–378.
-
22
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, Garrett-Jones C, Weitz B, 1966. Ten years study (1955–1964) of host selection by anopheline mosquitoes. Bull World Health Organ 35 :405–439.
-
23
Ritchie S, van den Hurk A, Shield J, 1997. The 1995 Japanese encephalitis outbreak: why Badu? Arbovirus Res Aust 7 :224–227.
-
24
van den Hurk AF, Ritchie SA, 1997. Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait: surveillance of suspected vectors. Arbovirus Res Aust 7 :105–111.
-
25
van den Hurk AF, Johansen CA, Zborowski P, Paru R, Foley PN, Beebe NW, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA, 2003. Mosquito host-feeding patterns and implications for Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Med Vet Entomol 17 :403–411.
-
26
Mwandawiro C, Boots M, Tuno N, Suwonkerd W, Tsuda Y, Takagi M, 2000. Heterogeneity in the host preference of Japanese encephalitis vectors in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :238–242.
-
27
Colless DH, 1959. Notes on the culicine mosquitoes of Singapore. VII. Host preferences in relation to the transmission of disease. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 53 :259–267.
-
28
Pennington NE, Phelps CA, 1968. Identification of the host range of Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes on Okinawa, Ryuku Islands. J Med Entomol 5 :483–487.
-
29
Mitchell CJ, Chen PS, Boreham PFL, 1973. Host-feeding patterns of four Culex species in an endemic area of Japanese encephalitis. Bull World Health Organ 49 :293–299.
-
30
Christopher S, Reuben R, 1971. Studies on the mosquitoes of North Arcot District, Madras State India. Part 4: Host preferences as shown by precipitin tests. J Med Entomol 8 :314–318.
-
31
Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM, 1969. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, south India. Part V. Experimental infection and transmission. Indian J Med Res 57 :282–289.
-
32
Ilkal MA, Dhanda V, Rao BU, George S, Mishra AC, Prasanna Y, Gopalakrishna S, Pavri KM, 1988. Absence of viraemia in cattle after experimental infection with Japanese encephalitis virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :628–631.
-
33
Gajanana A, Thenmozhi V, Samuel PP, Reuben R, 1995. A community-based study of subclinical flavivirus infections in children in an area of Tamil Nadu, India, where Japanese encephalitis is endemic. Bull World Health Organ 73 :237–244.
-
34
Vijayarani H, Gajanana A, 2000. Low rate of Japanese encephalitis infection in rural children in Thanjavur district (Tamil Nadu), an area with extensive paddy cultivation. Indian J Med Res 111 :212–214.
-
35
Thein S, Aung H, Sebastian AA, 1988. Study of vector, amplifier, and human infection with Japanese encephalitis virus in a Rangoon community. Am J Epidemiol 128 :1376–1383.
-
36
Peiris JSM, Amerasinghe FP, Amerasinghe PH, Ratnayke CB, Karunaratne SHPP, Tsai TF, 1992. Japanese encephalitis in Sri Lanka—the study of an epidemic: vector incrimination, porcine infection and human disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :307–313.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 307 | 259 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 287 | 8 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 96 | 6 | 0 |