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-
1
Ebisawa I, Fukuyama T, 1975. Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from west Irian and east Kalimantan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 69 :275–282.
-
2
Clyde DF, McCarthy VC, Miller RM, Hornick RB, 1976. Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea). J Trop Med Hyg 79 :38–41.
-
3
Pribadi W, 1992. In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and other antimalarials in east Timor and east Kalimantan, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 23 (Suppl 4):143–148.
-
4
Tjitra E, Gunawan S, Laihad F, HM, Sulaksono S, Arjoso S, Richie TL, Manurung N, 1997. Evaluation of antimalarial drugs in Indonesia 1981–1995. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan (Indonesian) 25 :27–58.
-
5
Fryauff DJ, Baird JK, Candradikusuma D, Masbar S, Sutamihardja MA, Leksana B, Tuti S, Marwoto H, Richie TL, Romzan A, 1997. Survey of in vivo sensitivity to chloroquine by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Lombok, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :241–244.
-
6
Tjitra E, Suprianto S, Currie BJ, Morris PS, Saunders JR, Anstey NM, 2001. Therapy of uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized trial comparing artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :309–317.
-
7
Maguire JD, Susanti AI, Krisin, Sismadi P, Fryauff DJ, Baird JK, 2001. The T76 mutation in the pfcrt gene of Plasmodium falciparum and clinical chloroquine resistance phenotypes in Papua, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :559–572.
-
8
Nagesha HS, Din S, Casey GJ, Susanti AI, Fryauff DJ, Reeder JC, Cowman AF, 2001. Mutations in the pfmdr1, dhfr and dhps genes of Plasmodium falciparum are associated with in-vivo drug resistance in west Papua, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :43–49.
-
9
Baird JK, Wiady I, Sutanihardja A, Suradi, Purnomo, Basri H, Sekartuti, Ayomi E, Fryauff DJ, Hoffman SL, 2002. Short report: therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine combined with primaquine against Plasmodium falciparum in northeastern Papua, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :659–660.
-
10
Maguire JD, Lacy MD, Sururi, Sismadi P, Krisin, Wiady I, Laksana B, Bangs MJ, Masbar S, Susanti I, Basuki W, Barcus MJ, Marwoto H, Edstein MD, Tjokrosonto S, Baird JK, 2002. Chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria during an epidemic in central Java, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :655–668.
-
11
Sumawinata IW, Bernadeta, Leksana B, Sutamihardja A, Purnomo, Subianto B, Sekartuti, Fryauff DJ, Baird JK, 2003. Very high risk of therapeutic failure with chloroquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in Indonesian Papua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :416–420.
-
12
Syafruddin D, Asih PBS, Aggarwal SL, Shankar AH, 2003. Frequency distribution of antimalarial drug-resistant alleles among isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Purworejo district, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :614–620.
-
13
Chulay JD, Watkins WM, Sixsmith DG, 1984. Synergistic anti-malarial activity of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :325– 330.
-
14
Sirawaraporn W, Yuthavong Y, 1986. Potentiating effect of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine against dihydrofolate reductase from pyrimethamine-sensitive and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium chabaudi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29 :899– 905.
-
15
Hoffman SL, Rustama D, Dimpudus AJ, Punjabi NH, Campbell JR, Oetomo HS, Marwoto HA, Harun S, Sukri N, Heizmann P, 1985. RII and RIII type resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to combination of mefloquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in Indonesia. Lancet 2 :1038–1040.
-
16
Baird JK, Basri H, Jones TR, Purnomo, Bangs MJ, Ritonga A, 1991. Resistance to antimalarials by Plasmodium falciparum in Arso PIR, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :640–644.
-
17
Fryauff DJ, Leksana B, Masbar S, Wiady I, Sismadi P, Susanti AI, Nagesha HS, Syafruddin D, Atmosoedjono S, Bangs MJ, Baird JK, 2002. The drug sensitivity and transmission dynamics of human malaria on Nias Island, north Sumatra, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :447–462.
-
18
Bustos DG, Canfield CJ, Canete-Miguel E, Hutchinson DB, 1999. Atovaquone-proguanil compared with chloroquine and chloroquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Philippines. J Infect Dis 179 :1587–1590.
-
19
Cox-Singh J, Zakaria R, Abdullah MS, Rahman HA, Nagappan S, Singh B, 2001. Short report: differences in dihydrofolate reductase but not dihydropteroate synthase alleles in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from geographically distinct areas in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :28–31.
-
20
Wongsrichanalai C, Sirichaisinthop J, Karwacki JJ, Congpuong K, Miller RS, Pang L, Thimasarn K, 2001. Drug resistant malaria on the Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Cambodian borders. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32 :41–49.
-
21
Schwobel B, Jordan S, Vanisaveth V, Phetsouvanh R, Christophel EM, Phompida S, von Sonnenburg F, Jelinek T, 2003. Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine plus sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine compared with monotherapy with either chloroquine or sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Laos. Trop Med Int Health 8 :19–24.
-
22
Mohapatra PK, Namchoom NS, Prakash A, Bhattacharya DR, Goswami BK, Mahanta J, 2003. Therapeutic efficacy of anti-malarials in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an Indo-Myanmar border area of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J Med Res 118 :71–76.
-
23
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naude B, Deitsch KW, Su XZ, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6 :861–871.
-
24
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344 :257–263.
-
25
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Steketee RW, Plowe CV, 2001b. Application of a molecular marker for surveillance of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Lancet 358 :890–891.
-
26
Sidhu AB, Verdier-Pinard D, Fidock DA, 2002. Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites conferred by pfcrt mutations. Science 298 :210–213.
-
27
Foote SJ, Thompson JK, Cowman AF, Kemp DJ, 1989. Amplification of the multidrug resistance gene in some chloroquine-resistant isolates of P. falciparum. Cell 57 :921–930.
-
28
Reed MB, Saliba KJ, Caruana SR, Kirk K, Cowman AF, 2000. Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 403 :906–909.
-
29
Cowman AF, Morry MJ, Biggs BA, Cross GA, Foote SJ, 1988. Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 :9109–9113.
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30
Peterson DS, Walliker D, Wellems TE, 1988. Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 :9114–9118.
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31
Foote SJ, Galatis D, Cowman AF, 1990. Amino acids in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum involved in cycloguanil resistance differ from those involved in pyrimethamine resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 :3014–3017.
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MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM RESISTANCE TO ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS IN INDONESIA
DIN SYAFRUDDIN
DIN SYAFRUDDIN
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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PUJI B. S. ASIH
PUJI B. S. ASIH
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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GERARD J. CASEY
GERARD J. CASEY
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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JASON MAGUIRE
JASON MAGUIRE
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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J. KEVIN BAIRD
J. KEVIN BAIRD
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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HADYA S. NAGESHA
HADYA S. NAGESHA
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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ALAN F. COWMAN
ALAN F. COWMAN
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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JOHN C. REEDER
JOHN C. REEDER
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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The extent of gene polymorphisms associated with resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine was examined in field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Indonesia. Eight malaria-endemic areas, representing a broad region of the western and eastern Indonesian Archipelago were surveyed. Blood from 20–50 patients was collected at each site, DNA was isolated, and the sequences of four different genes (dihydrofolate reductase [dhfr], dihydropteroate synthase [dhps], P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 [pfmdr1], and P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter [pfcrt]) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphisms to detect polymorphisms previously shown to be associated with resistance. This analysis identified polymorphisms in dhfr at 108-Asn/Thr, 16-Val, and 59-Arg. Polymorphisms in dhps were found less frequently, either 437-Gly alone or paired with 540-Glu. The pfcrt 76-Thr polymorphism was fixed in all parasite populations and pfmdr1 86-Tyr polymorphisms in all populations except in the most eastern regions. The pfmdr1 1042-Asp polymorphism occurred less frequently. These findings indicate that polymorphisms in genes associated with drug resistance in P. falciparum are found across a broad region of Indonesia.
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-
1
Ebisawa I, Fukuyama T, 1975. Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from west Irian and east Kalimantan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 69 :275–282.
-
2
Clyde DF, McCarthy VC, Miller RM, Hornick RB, 1976. Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea). J Trop Med Hyg 79 :38–41.
-
3
Pribadi W, 1992. In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and other antimalarials in east Timor and east Kalimantan, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 23 (Suppl 4):143–148.
-
4
Tjitra E, Gunawan S, Laihad F, HM, Sulaksono S, Arjoso S, Richie TL, Manurung N, 1997. Evaluation of antimalarial drugs in Indonesia 1981–1995. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan (Indonesian) 25 :27–58.
-
5
Fryauff DJ, Baird JK, Candradikusuma D, Masbar S, Sutamihardja MA, Leksana B, Tuti S, Marwoto H, Richie TL, Romzan A, 1997. Survey of in vivo sensitivity to chloroquine by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Lombok, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :241–244.
-
6
Tjitra E, Suprianto S, Currie BJ, Morris PS, Saunders JR, Anstey NM, 2001. Therapy of uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized trial comparing artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :309–317.
-
7
Maguire JD, Susanti AI, Krisin, Sismadi P, Fryauff DJ, Baird JK, 2001. The T76 mutation in the pfcrt gene of Plasmodium falciparum and clinical chloroquine resistance phenotypes in Papua, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :559–572.
-
8
Nagesha HS, Din S, Casey GJ, Susanti AI, Fryauff DJ, Reeder JC, Cowman AF, 2001. Mutations in the pfmdr1, dhfr and dhps genes of Plasmodium falciparum are associated with in-vivo drug resistance in west Papua, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :43–49.
-
9
Baird JK, Wiady I, Sutanihardja A, Suradi, Purnomo, Basri H, Sekartuti, Ayomi E, Fryauff DJ, Hoffman SL, 2002. Short report: therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine combined with primaquine against Plasmodium falciparum in northeastern Papua, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :659–660.
-
10
Maguire JD, Lacy MD, Sururi, Sismadi P, Krisin, Wiady I, Laksana B, Bangs MJ, Masbar S, Susanti I, Basuki W, Barcus MJ, Marwoto H, Edstein MD, Tjokrosonto S, Baird JK, 2002. Chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria during an epidemic in central Java, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :655–668.
-
11
Sumawinata IW, Bernadeta, Leksana B, Sutamihardja A, Purnomo, Subianto B, Sekartuti, Fryauff DJ, Baird JK, 2003. Very high risk of therapeutic failure with chloroquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in Indonesian Papua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :416–420.
-
12
Syafruddin D, Asih PBS, Aggarwal SL, Shankar AH, 2003. Frequency distribution of antimalarial drug-resistant alleles among isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Purworejo district, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :614–620.
-
13
Chulay JD, Watkins WM, Sixsmith DG, 1984. Synergistic anti-malarial activity of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :325– 330.
-
14
Sirawaraporn W, Yuthavong Y, 1986. Potentiating effect of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine against dihydrofolate reductase from pyrimethamine-sensitive and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium chabaudi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29 :899– 905.
-
15
Hoffman SL, Rustama D, Dimpudus AJ, Punjabi NH, Campbell JR, Oetomo HS, Marwoto HA, Harun S, Sukri N, Heizmann P, 1985. RII and RIII type resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to combination of mefloquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in Indonesia. Lancet 2 :1038–1040.
-
16
Baird JK, Basri H, Jones TR, Purnomo, Bangs MJ, Ritonga A, 1991. Resistance to antimalarials by Plasmodium falciparum in Arso PIR, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :640–644.
-
17
Fryauff DJ, Leksana B, Masbar S, Wiady I, Sismadi P, Susanti AI, Nagesha HS, Syafruddin D, Atmosoedjono S, Bangs MJ, Baird JK, 2002. The drug sensitivity and transmission dynamics of human malaria on Nias Island, north Sumatra, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :447–462.
-
18
Bustos DG, Canfield CJ, Canete-Miguel E, Hutchinson DB, 1999. Atovaquone-proguanil compared with chloroquine and chloroquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Philippines. J Infect Dis 179 :1587–1590.
-
19
Cox-Singh J, Zakaria R, Abdullah MS, Rahman HA, Nagappan S, Singh B, 2001. Short report: differences in dihydrofolate reductase but not dihydropteroate synthase alleles in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from geographically distinct areas in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :28–31.
-
20
Wongsrichanalai C, Sirichaisinthop J, Karwacki JJ, Congpuong K, Miller RS, Pang L, Thimasarn K, 2001. Drug resistant malaria on the Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Cambodian borders. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32 :41–49.
-
21
Schwobel B, Jordan S, Vanisaveth V, Phetsouvanh R, Christophel EM, Phompida S, von Sonnenburg F, Jelinek T, 2003. Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine plus sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine compared with monotherapy with either chloroquine or sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Laos. Trop Med Int Health 8 :19–24.
-
22
Mohapatra PK, Namchoom NS, Prakash A, Bhattacharya DR, Goswami BK, Mahanta J, 2003. Therapeutic efficacy of anti-malarials in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an Indo-Myanmar border area of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J Med Res 118 :71–76.
-
23
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naude B, Deitsch KW, Su XZ, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6 :861–871.
-
24
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344 :257–263.
-
25
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Steketee RW, Plowe CV, 2001b. Application of a molecular marker for surveillance of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Lancet 358 :890–891.
-
26
Sidhu AB, Verdier-Pinard D, Fidock DA, 2002. Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites conferred by pfcrt mutations. Science 298 :210–213.
-
27
Foote SJ, Thompson JK, Cowman AF, Kemp DJ, 1989. Amplification of the multidrug resistance gene in some chloroquine-resistant isolates of P. falciparum. Cell 57 :921–930.
-
28
Reed MB, Saliba KJ, Caruana SR, Kirk K, Cowman AF, 2000. Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 403 :906–909.
-
29
Cowman AF, Morry MJ, Biggs BA, Cross GA, Foote SJ, 1988. Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 :9109–9113.
-
30
Peterson DS, Walliker D, Wellems TE, 1988. Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 :9114–9118.
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31
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