Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14 :417–423.
Magill AJ, Grogl M, Gasser RA, Sun W, Oster CN, 1993. Visceral infection caused by Leishmania tropica in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. N Eng J Med 328 :1383–1387.
Bettini S, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Atzeni MC, 1986. Leishmaniasis in Sardinia: II. Natural infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911, by Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, in the province of Cagliari. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :458–459.
Maroli M, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Ready PD, Smith DF, Aquino C, 1988. Natural infections of phlebotomine sand flies with Trypanosomatidae in central and south Italy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :227–228.
Maroli M, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Troiani M, Ascione R, 1994. Natural infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus with an enzymatic variant of Leishmania infantum in the Campania region of Italy. Acta Trop 57 :333–335.
Maroli M, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, 1987. Natural infection of sand fly Phlebotomus perfiliewi with Leishmania infantum in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of the Abruzzi region, Italy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :596–598.
Maroli M, Bigliocchi F, Khoury C, 1994. I flebotomi in Italia: Osservazioni sulla distribuzione e sui metodi di campionamento. Parassitologia 36 :251–264.
Killick-Kendrick R, Ready PD, Pampiglione S, 1977. Notes on the prevalence and host preferences of Phlebotomus perfiliewi in Emilia Romagna, Italy. Ecologie des Leishmanioses. Montepellier, France: Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 169–175.
Aransay AM, Scoulica E, Tselentis Y, 2000. Detection and identification of Leishmania DNA within naturally infected sand-flies by seminested PCR on minicircle kinetoplastic DNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 :1933–1938
Léger N, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Madulo-Leblond G, Pesson B, Ferte H, Boulanger N, Killick-Kendrick R, Killick-Kendrick M, 1988. Isolation and typing of Leishmania infantum from Phlebotomus neglectus on the island of Corfu, Greece. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :419–420.
Gramiccia M, 2003. The identification and variability of the parasites causing leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients in Italy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97 :65–73.
Schulz A, Mellenthin K, Schönian G, Fleischer B, Drosten C, 2003. Detection, differentiation, and quantitation of pathogenic Leishmania organisms by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer based real time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 41 :1529–1535.
Marfurt J, Nasereddin A, Niederwieser I, Jaffe CL, Beck HP, Felger I, 2003. Identification and differentiation of Leishmania species in clinical samples by PCR amplification of the miniexon sequence and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 41 :3147–3153.
Harris E, Kropp G, Belli A, Rodriguez B, Agabian N, 1998. Single-step Multiplex PCR assay for characterization of New World Leishmania complexes. J Clin Microbiol 36 :1989–1995.
Osman OF, Oskman L, Zijlstra EE, Kroon NCM, Schoone GJ, Khalil EAG, El-Hassan AM, Kager PA, 1997. Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 35 :2454–2457.
Weigle KA, Labrada LA, Lozano C, Santrich C, Barker DC, 2002. PCR-based diagnosis of acute and chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia). J Clin Microbiol 40 :601–606.
Reithinger R, Lambson BE, Barker DC, Davies CR, 2000. Use of PCR to detect Leishmania (Viannia) spp. in dog blood and bone marrow. J Clin Microbiol 38 :748–751.
Reithinger R, Canales JC, Courtenay O, Davies CR, 2003. Evaluation of PCR as a diagnostic mass-screening tool to detect Leishmania (Viannia) spp. in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). J Clin Microbiol 41 :1486–1493.
Lachaud L, Marchergui S, Chabbert E, Dereure J, Dedet JP, Bastien P, 2002. Comparison of six PCR methods using peripheral blood for detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 40 :210–215.
Gangneux JP, Menotti J, Lorenzo F, Sarfati C, Blanche H, Bui H, Pratlong F, Garin YJF, Derouin F, 2003. Prospective value of PCR amplification and sequencing for diagnosis and typing of Old World Leishmania infections in an area of nonendemicity. J Clin Microbiol 41 :1419–1422.
Wortmann G, Sweeney C, Houng HS, Aronson N, Stiteler J, Jackson J, Ockenhouse C, 2001. Rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis by fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :583–587.
Driggers D, O’Conner RJ, Kadatzke JT, Stup JL, Schiefer BA, 1980. The Army Miniature Solid State Mosquito Light Trap. Mosq News 40 :172–178.
Townes HK, 1962. Design for a malaise trap. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 64 :253–262.
Theodor O, 1958. Psychodidae-Phlebotominae. Lindner E, ed. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1–55
Léger N, Pesson B, Madulo-Leblond G, Abonnenc E, 1983. Sur la differérenciation des femelles du sous-genre Larroussius Nitzulescu, 1931 (Diptera-Phlebotomidae) de la région méditerranéenne. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 58 :611–623.
Orndorff GR, Maroli M, Cooper B, Rankin SE, 2002. Leishmaniasis in Sicily (Italy): An investigation of the distribution and prevalence of phlebotomine sand flies in Catania province. Mil Med 167 :715–718.
D’Urso V, Ruta F, Khoury C, Bianchi R, Maroli M, 2002. Distribuzione dei flebotomi (Diptera, Psychodidae) nella Sicilia orientale: primi dati di transetti di stazioni di monitoraggio dalla costa verso l’entroterra. Biogeographia 23 :1–10.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Full Text Views | 293 | 110 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 56 | 28 | 0 |
Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is a complex zoonotic disease, resulting in cutaneous and visceral manifestations in both dogs and humans. The present study involved a published Taqman fluorogenic real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for surveillance of Leishmania sp. parasites among sand flies trapped in two provinces in Sicily, Catania and Agrigento, during the summer and fall of 2003. Only male specimens were identified to species level, while females were used to evaluate Leishmania sp. infection by PCR testing. The two most prevalent sand fly species found were Phlebotomus perfiliewi and P. perniciosus. Of the female sand flies tested, 2.9% were positive for Leishmania sp. DNA by the PCR.