Author:
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Isolation of the cysteine proteinase gene 1 (Ldccys1) from L. (L.) chagasi.
- Expression and purification of the recombinant cysteine proteinase.
- Reactivity of sera from patients with VL with recombinant cysteine proteinase.
- Determination of sensitivity and specificity of L. (L.) chagasi cysteine proteinase by ELISA.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
2
World Health Organization, 1999. Leishmaniasis. Fourteenth Program Report. UNDP/World Bank/Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Tropical Disease Research Progress 1997–1998. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–6.
-
3
Arias JR, Monteiro PS, Zicker F, 1996. The reemergence of visceral leishmaniais in Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :145–146.
-
4
Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Santos WR, França-Silva JC, Costa RT, Reis AB, Palatinik M, Mayrink W, Genaro O, 2001. Impact of canine control on the epidemiology of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :510–517.
-
5
Cerf BJ, Jones TC, Badaró R, Sampaio D, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1987. Malnutrition as a risk factor for severe visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 156 :1030–1033.
-
6
Alvar J, Canavate C, Gutierrez-Solar B, Jimenez M, Laguna F, Lopez-Velez R, Molina R, Moreno J, 1997. Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 :298–319.
-
7
Berman JD, 1997. Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years. Clin Infect Dis 24 :684–703.
-
8
Chulay JD, Bryceson AD, 1983. Quantification of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in smears of splenic aspirates from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Am Trop Med Hyg 32 :475–479.
-
9
Harith AE, Kolk AHJ, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarmann JJ, 1986. A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodignosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :583–587.
-
10
Millesimo M, Zucca M, Caramello P, Savoia D, 1996. Evaluation of the immune response in visceral leishmaniasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 26 :7–11.
-
11
Bogdan C, Stosiek N, Fuchs H, Rollinghoff M, Solbach W, 1990. Detection of potentially diagnostic leishmanial antigens by Western blot analysis of sera from patients with kalaazar or multilesional cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 162 :1417–1418.
-
12
Evans TG, Krug EC, Wilson ME, Vasconcelos AW, de Alencar JE, Pearson RD, 1989. Evaluation of antibody responses in American visceral leishmaniasis by ELISA and immunoblot. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 84 :157–166.
-
13
Hoerauf A, Andrade PP, Andrade CR, Solbach W, Rollinghoff M, 1992. Immunoblotting as a valuable tool to differentiate human visceral leishmaniasis from lymphoproliferative disorders and other clinically similar diseases. Res Immunol 143 :375–383.
-
14
Rolland-Burger L, Rolland X, Grieve CW, Monjour L, 1991. Immunoblot analysis of the humoral immune response to Leishmania donovani infantum polypeptides in human visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1429–1435.
-
15
Hommel M, Peters WW, Ranque J, Quilici M, Lanotte G, 1978. The micro-ELISA technique in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72 :213–218.
-
16
El Safi SH, Evans DA, 1989. A comparison of the direct agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :334–337.
-
17
Edrissian GH, Darabian P, 1997. A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test in the serodiagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73 :289–292.
-
18
Badaró R, Reed SG, Barral A, Orge G, Jones TC, 1986. Evaluation of the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies in American visceral leishmaniasis: antigen selection for detection of infection-specific responses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :72–78.
-
19
Chiller TM, Samudio MA, Zoutek G, 1990. IgG antibody reactivity with Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania antigens in sera of patients with Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Am Trop Med Hyg 43 :650–656.
-
20
Reed SG, Badaró R, Lloyd RM, 1987. Identification of specific and cross-reactive antigens of Leishmania donovani chagasi by human infection sera. J Immunol 138 :1596–1601.
-
21
Ho M, Leeuwenburg J, Mbungua G, Wamachi A, Voller A, 1983. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for field diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :943–946.
-
22
Rajasekariah GH, Ryan JR, Hillier SR, Yi LP, Stiteler JM, Cui L, Smithyman AM, Martin SK, 2001. Optimisation of an ELISA for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using in vitro derived promastigote antigens. J Immunol Methods 252 :105–119.
-
23
Okong’oodera EA, Kurtzhals JA, Hey AD, Kharazmi A, 1993. Measurement of serum antibodies against native Leishmania gp63 distinguishes between ongoing and previous L. donovani infection. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 101 :642–646.
-
24
Shreffler WG, Burns JM, Badaró R, Ghalib HW, Button LL, McMaster WR, Reed SG, 1993. Antibody responses of visceral leishmaniasis patients to gp63, a major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania species. J Infect Dis 167 :426–430.
-
25
Badaró R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, Madureira D, Burns JM, Houghton RL, David JR, Reed SG, 1996. RK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173 :758–761.
-
26
Jensen AT, Gasim S, Moller T, Ismail A, Gaafar A, Kemp M, el Hassan AM, Kharazmi A, Alce TM, Smith DF, Theander TG, 1999. Serodiagnosis of Leishmania donovani infections: assessment of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant L. donovani gene B protein (GBP) and a peptide sequence of L. donovani GBP. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :157–160.
-
27
Soto M, Requena JM, Quijada L, Perez MJ, Nieto CG, Guzman F, Patarroyo ME, Alonso C, 1999. Antigenicity of the Leishmania infantum histones H2B and H4 during canine viscero-cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Immunol 115 :342–349.
-
28
Ghedin E, Zhang WW, Charest H, Sundar S, Kenney RT, Matlashewski G, 1997. Antibody response against a Leishmania donovani amastigote-stage-specific protein in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 4 :530–535.
-
29
Carvalho FA, Charest H, Tavares CA, Matlashewski G, Valente EP, Rabello A, Gazzinelli RT, Fernandes AP, 2002. Diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis in humans and dogs using the recombinant Leishmania donovani A2 antigen. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 43 :289–295.
-
30
Maalej IA, Chenik M, Louzir H, Ben Salah A, Bahloul C, Amri F, Dellagi K, 2003. Comparative evaluation of ELISAs based on ten recombinant or purified Leishmania antigens for the serodiagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :312–320.
-
31
Beyrodt CGP, Pinto AR, Freymüller E, Barbiéri CL, 1997. Characterization of an antigen from Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes able to elicit protective responses in a murine model. Infect Immun 65 :2052–2059.
-
32
Pinto AR, Beyrodt CG, Lopes RA, Barbiéri CL, 2000. Identification of a 30 kDa antigen from Leishmania (L.) chagasi amastigotes implicated in protective cellular responses in a murine model. Int J Parasitol 30 :599–607.
-
33
Rafati S, Salmanian AH, Taheri T, Vafa M, Fasel N, 2001. A protective cocktail vaccine against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis with DNA encoding cysteine proteinases of Leishmania major. Vaccine 19: 3369–3375.
-
34
Selzer PM, Pingel S, Hsieh I, Ugele B, Chan VJ, Engel JC, Bogyo M, Russell DG, Sakanari JA, McKerrow JH, 1999. Cysteine protease inhibitors as chemotherapy: lessons from a parasite target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 :11015–11022.
-
35
Das L, Datta N, Bandyopadhyay S, Das PK, 2001. Successful therapy of lethal murine visceral leishmaniasis with cystatin involves up-regulation of nitric oxide and a favorable T cell response. J Immunol 166 :4020–4028.
-
36
Rafati S, Salmanian AH, Hashemi K, Schaff C, Belli S, Fasel N, 2001. Identification of Leishmania major cysteine proteinases as targets of the immune response in humans. Mol Biochem Parasitol 113 :35–43.
-
37
Rafati S, Nakhaee A, Taheri T, Ghashghaii A, Salmanian AH, Jimenez M, Mohebali M, Masina S, Fasel N, 2003. Expression of cysteine proteinase type I and II of Leishmania infantum and their recognition by sera during canine and human visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 103 :143–151.
-
38
Mundodi V, Somanna A, Farrell PJ, Gedamu L, 2002. Genomic organization and functional expression of differentially regulated cysteine protease genes of Leishmania donovani complex. Gene 282 :257–265.
-
39
Barbiéri CL, Doine AI, Freymüller E, 1990. Lysosomal depletion in macrophages from spleen and foot lesions of Leishmania-infected hamster. Exp Parasitol 71 :218–228.
-
40
Medina-Acosta E, Cross GA, 1993. Rapid isolation of DNA from trypanosomatid protozoa using simple “mini-prep” procedure. Mol Biochem Parasitol 59 :327–329.
-
41
Omara-Opyene AL, Gedamu L, 1997. Molecular cloning, characterization and overexpression of two distinct cysteine protease cDNAs from Leishmania donovani chagasi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 90 :247–267.
-
42
Sheffield P, Garrard S, Derewenda Z, 1999. Overcoming expression and purification problems of RhoGDI using a family of “parallel” expression vectors. Protein Expres Purif 15 :34–39.
-
43
Skeiky YAW, Coler RN, Brannon M, Stromberg E, Greeson K, Crane RT, Campos-Neto A, Reed SG, 2002. Protective efficacy of a tandemly linked, multi-subunit recombinant leishmanial vaccine (Leish-111f) formulated in MPL®adjuvant. Vaccine 20 :3292–3303.
-
44
Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J, 1979. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76 :4350–4354.
-
45
Souza AE, Waugh S, Coombs GH, Mottram JC, 1992. Characterization of a multicopy gene for a major stage-specific cysteine proteinase of Leishmania mexicana. FEBS Lett 311 :124–127.
-
46
Sakanari JA, Nadler AS, Chan VJ, Engel JC, Leptak C, Bouvier J, 1997. Leishmania major: comparison of the cathepsin L- and B-like cysteine protease genes with those of other trypanosomatids. Exp Parasitol 85 :63–76.
-
47
Mauricio IL, Howard MK, Stothard JR, Miles MA, 1999. Genomic diversity in the Leishmania donovani complex. Parasitology 119 :237–246.
-
48
Mauricio IL, Stothard JR, Miles MA, 2000. The strange case of Leishmania chagasi. Parasitol Today 16 :188–189.
-
49
Soto M, Requena JM, Quijada L, Alonso C, 1996. Specific serodiagnosis of human leishmaniasis with recombinant Leishmania P2 acidic ribosomal proteins. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 3 :387–391.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 23 | 23 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 228 | 50 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 29 | 10 | 0 |
A RECOMBINANT CYSTEINE PROTEINASE FROM LEISHMANIA (LEISHMANIA) CHAGASI SUITABLE FOR SERODIAGNOSIS OF AMERICAN VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS
SUZANA DE SOUZA DIAS
SUZANA DE SOUZA DIAS
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil; Associação de Ensino Superior e Tecnológico do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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PAULO HENRIQUE DA COSTA PINHEIRO
PAULO HENRIQUE DA COSTA PINHEIRO
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil; Associação de Ensino Superior e Tecnológico do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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SIMONE KATZ
SIMONE KATZ
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil; Associação de Ensino Superior e Tecnológico do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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MÁRCIA REGINA MACHADO DOS SANTOS
MÁRCIA REGINA MACHADO DOS SANTOS
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil; Associação de Ensino Superior e Tecnológico do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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CLARA LÚCIA BARBIÉRI
CLARA LÚCIA BARBIÉRI
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil; Associação de Ensino Superior e Tecnológico do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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A recombinant protein, rLdccys1, which was produced by expression of the gene encoding a 30 kDa cysteine proteinase from Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, was used for detection of antibodies in sera from patients with active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of rLdccys1 showed that it contains all the characteristics of a cysteine proteinase. The ability of the protein to react with sera from humans with VL was also shown by Western blotting. The sensitivity for detection of specific antibodies to L. (L.) chagasi bodies using rLdccys1, L. (L.) chagasi promastigote lysates, and amastigote lysates was 80%, 98%, and 99%, respectively. No cross-reactivity between rLdccys1 and Chagas disease was observed, and there was little positive reactivity with sera from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis and tuberculosis, compared with promastigote and amastigote extracts. Our findings indicate that rLdccys1 from L. (L.) chagasi constitutes a potential tool for the diagnosis of American VL.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Isolation of the cysteine proteinase gene 1 (Ldccys1) from L. (L.) chagasi.
- Expression and purification of the recombinant cysteine proteinase.
- Reactivity of sera from patients with VL with recombinant cysteine proteinase.
- Determination of sensitivity and specificity of L. (L.) chagasi cysteine proteinase by ELISA.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
2
World Health Organization, 1999. Leishmaniasis. Fourteenth Program Report. UNDP/World Bank/Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Tropical Disease Research Progress 1997–1998. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–6.
-
3
Arias JR, Monteiro PS, Zicker F, 1996. The reemergence of visceral leishmaniais in Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :145–146.
-
4
Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Santos WR, França-Silva JC, Costa RT, Reis AB, Palatinik M, Mayrink W, Genaro O, 2001. Impact of canine control on the epidemiology of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :510–517.
-
5
Cerf BJ, Jones TC, Badaró R, Sampaio D, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1987. Malnutrition as a risk factor for severe visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 156 :1030–1033.
-
6
Alvar J, Canavate C, Gutierrez-Solar B, Jimenez M, Laguna F, Lopez-Velez R, Molina R, Moreno J, 1997. Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 10 :298–319.
-
7
Berman JD, 1997. Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years. Clin Infect Dis 24 :684–703.
-
8
Chulay JD, Bryceson AD, 1983. Quantification of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in smears of splenic aspirates from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Am Trop Med Hyg 32 :475–479.
-
9
Harith AE, Kolk AHJ, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarmann JJ, 1986. A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodignosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :583–587.
-
10
Millesimo M, Zucca M, Caramello P, Savoia D, 1996. Evaluation of the immune response in visceral leishmaniasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 26 :7–11.
-
11
Bogdan C, Stosiek N, Fuchs H, Rollinghoff M, Solbach W, 1990. Detection of potentially diagnostic leishmanial antigens by Western blot analysis of sera from patients with kalaazar or multilesional cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 162 :1417–1418.
-
12
Evans TG, Krug EC, Wilson ME, Vasconcelos AW, de Alencar JE, Pearson RD, 1989. Evaluation of antibody responses in American visceral leishmaniasis by ELISA and immunoblot. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 84 :157–166.
-
13
Hoerauf A, Andrade PP, Andrade CR, Solbach W, Rollinghoff M, 1992. Immunoblotting as a valuable tool to differentiate human visceral leishmaniasis from lymphoproliferative disorders and other clinically similar diseases. Res Immunol 143 :375–383.
-
14
Rolland-Burger L, Rolland X, Grieve CW, Monjour L, 1991. Immunoblot analysis of the humoral immune response to Leishmania donovani infantum polypeptides in human visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1429–1435.
-
15
Hommel M, Peters WW, Ranque J, Quilici M, Lanotte G, 1978. The micro-ELISA technique in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72 :213–218.
-
16
El Safi SH, Evans DA, 1989. A comparison of the direct agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :334–337.
-
17
Edrissian GH, Darabian P, 1997. A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test in the serodiagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73 :289–292.
-
18
Badaró R, Reed SG, Barral A, Orge G, Jones TC, 1986. Evaluation of the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies in American visceral leishmaniasis: antigen selection for detection of infection-specific responses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :72–78.
-
19
Chiller TM, Samudio MA, Zoutek G, 1990. IgG antibody reactivity with Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania antigens in sera of patients with Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Am Trop Med Hyg 43 :650–656.
-
20
Reed SG, Badaró R, Lloyd RM, 1987. Identification of specific and cross-reactive antigens of Leishmania donovani chagasi by human infection sera. J Immunol 138 :1596–1601.
-
21
Ho M, Leeuwenburg J, Mbungua G, Wamachi A, Voller A, 1983. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for field diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :943–946.
-
22
Rajasekariah GH, Ryan JR, Hillier SR, Yi LP, Stiteler JM, Cui L, Smithyman AM, Martin SK, 2001. Optimisation of an ELISA for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using in vitro derived promastigote antigens. J Immunol Methods 252 :105–119.
-
23
Okong’oodera EA, Kurtzhals JA, Hey AD, Kharazmi A, 1993. Measurement of serum antibodies against native Leishmania gp63 distinguishes between ongoing and previous L. donovani infection. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 101 :642–646.
-
24
Shreffler WG, Burns JM, Badaró R, Ghalib HW, Button LL, McMaster WR, Reed SG, 1993. Antibody responses of visceral leishmaniasis patients to gp63, a major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania species. J Infect Dis 167 :426–430.
-
25
Badaró R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, Madureira D, Burns JM, Houghton RL, David JR, Reed SG, 1996. RK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173 :758–761.
-
26
Jensen AT, Gasim S, Moller T, Ismail A, Gaafar A, Kemp M, el Hassan AM, Kharazmi A, Alce TM, Smith DF, Theander TG, 1999. Serodiagnosis of Leishmania donovani infections: assessment of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant L. donovani gene B protein (GBP) and a peptide sequence of L. donovani GBP. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :157–160.
-
27
Soto M, Requena JM, Quijada L, Perez MJ, Nieto CG, Guzman F, Patarroyo ME, Alonso C, 1999. Antigenicity of the Leishmania infantum histones H2B and H4 during canine viscero-cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Immunol 115 :342–349.
-
28
Ghedin E, Zhang WW, Charest H, Sundar S, Kenney RT, Matlashewski G, 1997. Antibody response against a Leishmania donovani amastigote-stage-specific protein in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 4 :530–535.
-
29
Carvalho FA, Charest H, Tavares CA, Matlashewski G, Valente EP, Rabello A, Gazzinelli RT, Fernandes AP, 2002. Diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis in humans and dogs using the recombinant Leishmania donovani A2 antigen. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 43 :289–295.
-
30
Maalej IA, Chenik M, Louzir H, Ben Salah A, Bahloul C, Amri F, Dellagi K, 2003. Comparative evaluation of ELISAs based on ten recombinant or purified Leishmania antigens for the serodiagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :312–320.
-
31
Beyrodt CGP, Pinto AR, Freymüller E, Barbiéri CL, 1997. Characterization of an antigen from Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes able to elicit protective responses in a murine model. Infect Immun 65 :2052–2059.
-
32
Pinto AR, Beyrodt CG, Lopes RA, Barbiéri CL, 2000. Identification of a 30 kDa antigen from Leishmania (L.) chagasi amastigotes implicated in protective cellular responses in a murine model. Int J Parasitol 30 :599–607.
-
33
Rafati S, Salmanian AH, Taheri T, Vafa M, Fasel N, 2001. A protective cocktail vaccine against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis with DNA encoding cysteine proteinases of Leishmania major. Vaccine 19: 3369–3375.
-
34
Selzer PM, Pingel S, Hsieh I, Ugele B, Chan VJ, Engel JC, Bogyo M, Russell DG, Sakanari JA, McKerrow JH, 1999. Cysteine protease inhibitors as chemotherapy: lessons from a parasite target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 :11015–11022.
-
35
Das L, Datta N, Bandyopadhyay S, Das PK, 2001. Successful therapy of lethal murine visceral leishmaniasis with cystatin involves up-regulation of nitric oxide and a favorable T cell response. J Immunol 166 :4020–4028.
-
36
Rafati S, Salmanian AH, Hashemi K, Schaff C, Belli S, Fasel N, 2001. Identification of Leishmania major cysteine proteinases as targets of the immune response in humans. Mol Biochem Parasitol 113 :35–43.
-
37
Rafati S, Nakhaee A, Taheri T, Ghashghaii A, Salmanian AH, Jimenez M, Mohebali M, Masina S, Fasel N, 2003. Expression of cysteine proteinase type I and II of Leishmania infantum and their recognition by sera during canine and human visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 103 :143–151.
-
38
Mundodi V, Somanna A, Farrell PJ, Gedamu L, 2002. Genomic organization and functional expression of differentially regulated cysteine protease genes of Leishmania donovani complex. Gene 282 :257–265.
-
39
Barbiéri CL, Doine AI, Freymüller E, 1990. Lysosomal depletion in macrophages from spleen and foot lesions of Leishmania-infected hamster. Exp Parasitol 71 :218–228.
-
40
Medina-Acosta E, Cross GA, 1993. Rapid isolation of DNA from trypanosomatid protozoa using simple “mini-prep” procedure. Mol Biochem Parasitol 59 :327–329.
-
41
Omara-Opyene AL, Gedamu L, 1997. Molecular cloning, characterization and overexpression of two distinct cysteine protease cDNAs from Leishmania donovani chagasi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 90 :247–267.
-
42
Sheffield P, Garrard S, Derewenda Z, 1999. Overcoming expression and purification problems of RhoGDI using a family of “parallel” expression vectors. Protein Expres Purif 15 :34–39.
-
43
Skeiky YAW, Coler RN, Brannon M, Stromberg E, Greeson K, Crane RT, Campos-Neto A, Reed SG, 2002. Protective efficacy of a tandemly linked, multi-subunit recombinant leishmanial vaccine (Leish-111f) formulated in MPL®adjuvant. Vaccine 20 :3292–3303.
-
44
Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J, 1979. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76 :4350–4354.
-
45
Souza AE, Waugh S, Coombs GH, Mottram JC, 1992. Characterization of a multicopy gene for a major stage-specific cysteine proteinase of Leishmania mexicana. FEBS Lett 311 :124–127.
-
46
Sakanari JA, Nadler AS, Chan VJ, Engel JC, Leptak C, Bouvier J, 1997. Leishmania major: comparison of the cathepsin L- and B-like cysteine protease genes with those of other trypanosomatids. Exp Parasitol 85 :63–76.
-
47
Mauricio IL, Howard MK, Stothard JR, Miles MA, 1999. Genomic diversity in the Leishmania donovani complex. Parasitology 119 :237–246.
-
48
Mauricio IL, Stothard JR, Miles MA, 2000. The strange case of Leishmania chagasi. Parasitol Today 16 :188–189.
-
49
Soto M, Requena JM, Quijada L, Alonso C, 1996. Specific serodiagnosis of human leishmaniasis with recombinant Leishmania P2 acidic ribosomal proteins. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 3 :387–391.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 23 | 23 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 228 | 50 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 29 | 10 | 0 |