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Reference Manager
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-
1
WHO, 1987. Prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infections. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 749 :8–28.
-
2
McGarvey ST, Aligui G, Graham KK, Peters P, Olds GR, Olveda R, 1996. Schistosomiasis japonica and childhood nutritional status in northeastern Leyte, the Philippines: a randomized trial of praziquantel versus placebo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :498–502.
-
3
Yuesgeng L, Dongbao Y, Yi L, Yang X, Meng X, 1992. Morbidity and Health Impact of Schistosomiasis japonica in the Dongting Lake Area. A Final Report: WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control on Schistosomiasis in the Lake Region. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4
Robinson A, Lewert RM, 1980. The production and nature of anemia in Schistosoma japonicum infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29 :1301–1306.
-
5
Mahmoud AA, Woodruff AW, 1972. Mechanisms involved in the anaemia of schistosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66 :75–84.
-
6
Stephenson LS, 1987. The Impact of Helminth Infections on Human Nutrition. London: Taylor & Francis.
-
7
Warren KS, Su DL, Xu ZY, Yuan HC, Peters PA, Cook JA, Mott KE, Houser HB, 1983. Morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica in relation to intensity of infection. A study of two rural brigades in Anhui Province, China. N Engl J Med 309 :1533–1539.
-
8
Cook JA, Baker ST, Warren KS, Jordan P, 1974. A controlled study of morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in St. Lucian children, based on quantitative egg excretion. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :625–633.
-
9
Lehman JS Jr, Mott KE, Morrow RH Jr, Muniz TM, Boyer MH, 1976. The intensity and effects of infection with Schistosoma mansoni in a rural community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :285–294.
-
10
Ndamba J, Makaza N, Kaondera KC, Munjoma M, 1991. Morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni among sugarcane cutters in Zimbabwe. Int J Epidemiol 20 :787–795.
-
11
Layrisse M, Aparcedo L, Martinez-Torres C, Roche M, 1967. Blood loss due to infection with Trichuris trichiura. Am J Trop Med Hyg 16 :613–619.
-
12
Stephenson LS, Holland CV, Cooper ES, 2000. The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S73–S95.
-
13
Widjana DP, Sutisna P, 2000. Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the rural population of Bali, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31 :454–459.
-
14
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data–or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
-
15
Albonico M, Stoltzfus RJ, Savioli L, Tielsch JM, Chwaya HM, Ercole E, Cancrini G, 1998. Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children. Int J Epidemiol 27 :530–537.
-
16
Ramdath DD, Simeon DT, Wong MS, Grantham-McGregor SM, 1995. Iron status of schoolchildren with varying intensities of Trichuris trichiura infection. Parasitology 110 :347–351.
-
17
Raj SM, 1999. Fecal occult blood testing on Trichuris-infected primary school children in northeastern peninsular Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :165–166.
-
18
Wong H, Tan K, 1961. Severe whipworm infestation in children. Singapore Med J 2 :34–37.
-
19
Gilman RH, Chong YH, Davis C, Greenberg B, Virik HK, Dixon HB, 1983. The adverse consequences of heavy Trichuris infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77 :432–438.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 1222 | 1122 | 546 |
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SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM AND OCCULT BLOOD LOSS IN ENDEMIC VILLAGES IN LEYTE, THE PHILIPPINES
HEMAL K. KANZARIA
HEMAL K. KANZARIA
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
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LUZ P. ACOSTA
LUZ P. ACOSTA
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
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GRETCHEN C. LANGDON
GRETCHEN C. LANGDON
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
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DARIA L. MANALO
DARIA L. MANALO
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
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REMIGIO M. OLVEDA
REMIGIO M. OLVEDA
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
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STEPHEN T. McGARVEY
STEPHEN T. McGARVEY
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
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JONATHAN D. KURTIS
JONATHAN D. KURTIS
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
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JENNIFER F. FRIEDMAN
JENNIFER F. FRIEDMAN
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
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Schistosoma japonicum has been related to anemia, but the mechanisms mediating this relationship remain unresolved. The primary objective of this study was to assess the role of occult blood loss in mediating S. japonicum-associated anemia after adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), and other helminth infections. The secondary objective was to identify intensity categories of risk for occult blood loss for Trichuris and hookworm after adjustment for the presence of other helminth infections. The role of occult blood loss in mediating S. japonicum-associated anemia was studied cross-sectionally in 729 individuals 8–30 years old in Leyte, The Philippines. Three stool specimens were examined in duplicate for helminth eggs. Hemoglobin, fecal occult blood loss, and anemia were measured and related to the presence and intensity of helminths. Multivariate models were made to adjust for confounding by other helminths and SES. In multivariate models, hemoglobin significantly decreased with increasing infection intensity of S. japonicum, hookworm, and T. trichuria (P < 0.0031, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). Individuals with higher intensities S. japonicum and T. trichuria were significantly more likely to be fecal occult positive (odds ratio [OR] = 3.54; P = 0.008 and OR = 2.68; P = 0.013, respectively), although this was not true for individuals with hookworm. Additionally, individuals with higher intensities of S. japonicum, hookworm, and T. trichuria were all more likely to be anemic (OR = 3.7, P = 0.0002; OR = 5.3, P = 0.0003; and OR = 1.6, P = 0.021, respectively). It is likely that occult blood loss plays a role only at heavier intensity S. japonicum infections and some other mechanism, such as anemia of inflammation, may be contributing to anemia.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
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-
1
WHO, 1987. Prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infections. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 749 :8–28.
-
2
McGarvey ST, Aligui G, Graham KK, Peters P, Olds GR, Olveda R, 1996. Schistosomiasis japonica and childhood nutritional status in northeastern Leyte, the Philippines: a randomized trial of praziquantel versus placebo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :498–502.
-
3
Yuesgeng L, Dongbao Y, Yi L, Yang X, Meng X, 1992. Morbidity and Health Impact of Schistosomiasis japonica in the Dongting Lake Area. A Final Report: WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control on Schistosomiasis in the Lake Region. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4
Robinson A, Lewert RM, 1980. The production and nature of anemia in Schistosoma japonicum infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29 :1301–1306.
-
5
Mahmoud AA, Woodruff AW, 1972. Mechanisms involved in the anaemia of schistosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66 :75–84.
-
6
Stephenson LS, 1987. The Impact of Helminth Infections on Human Nutrition. London: Taylor & Francis.
-
7
Warren KS, Su DL, Xu ZY, Yuan HC, Peters PA, Cook JA, Mott KE, Houser HB, 1983. Morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica in relation to intensity of infection. A study of two rural brigades in Anhui Province, China. N Engl J Med 309 :1533–1539.
-
8
Cook JA, Baker ST, Warren KS, Jordan P, 1974. A controlled study of morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in St. Lucian children, based on quantitative egg excretion. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :625–633.
-
9
Lehman JS Jr, Mott KE, Morrow RH Jr, Muniz TM, Boyer MH, 1976. The intensity and effects of infection with Schistosoma mansoni in a rural community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :285–294.
-
10
Ndamba J, Makaza N, Kaondera KC, Munjoma M, 1991. Morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni among sugarcane cutters in Zimbabwe. Int J Epidemiol 20 :787–795.
-
11
Layrisse M, Aparcedo L, Martinez-Torres C, Roche M, 1967. Blood loss due to infection with Trichuris trichiura. Am J Trop Med Hyg 16 :613–619.
-
12
Stephenson LS, Holland CV, Cooper ES, 2000. The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S73–S95.
-
13
Widjana DP, Sutisna P, 2000. Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the rural population of Bali, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31 :454–459.
-
14
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data–or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
-
15
Albonico M, Stoltzfus RJ, Savioli L, Tielsch JM, Chwaya HM, Ercole E, Cancrini G, 1998. Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children. Int J Epidemiol 27 :530–537.
-
16
Ramdath DD, Simeon DT, Wong MS, Grantham-McGregor SM, 1995. Iron status of schoolchildren with varying intensities of Trichuris trichiura infection. Parasitology 110 :347–351.
-
17
Raj SM, 1999. Fecal occult blood testing on Trichuris-infected primary school children in northeastern peninsular Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :165–166.
-
18
Wong H, Tan K, 1961. Severe whipworm infestation in children. Singapore Med J 2 :34–37.
-
19
Gilman RH, Chong YH, Davis C, Greenberg B, Virik HK, Dixon HB, 1983. The adverse consequences of heavy Trichuris infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77 :432–438.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1222 | 1122 | 546 |
| Full Text Views | 345 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 122 | 7 | 0 |