Mendis KN, Carter R, 1995. Clinical disease and pathogenesis in malaria. Parasitol Today 11 :1–15.
Branch OH, Takalo S, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Kolczak M, Hawley W, Lal AA, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum genotypes, low complexity of infection, and resistance to subsequent malaria in participants in the Asembo Bay cohort project. Infect Immun 69 :7783–7792.
Engelbrecht F, Felger I, Genton B, Alpers M, Beck H-P, 1995. Malaria morbidity is associated with Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen 2 genotypes. Exp Parasitol 81 :90–96.
Ariey F, Hommel D, Le Scanf C, Ducemin JB, Peneau C, Hulin A, Sarthou JL, Reynes JM, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2001. Association of severe malaria with a specific Plasmodium falciparum genotype in French Guiana. J Infect Dis 184 :237–241.
Borst P, Bitter W, McCulloch R, Leewen FV, Rudenko G, 1995. Antigenic variation in malaria. Cell 82 :1–4.
Kemp DJ, Cowman AF, Walliker D, 1990. Genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum. Adv Parasitol 29 :75–149.
Felger I, Irion A, Steiger S, Beck H-P, 1999. Epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infection. Genotypes of merozoites surface protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania. Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :S3–S9.
Smyteh JA, Peterson GM, Coppel R, Soul KJ, Kemp DJ, Anders R, 1990. Structural diversity in the 45-kilodalton merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 39 :227–234.
Al-Yaman F, Genton B, Reeder JC, Mokela D, Anders RF, Alpers MP, 1997. Humoral response to defined Plasmodium falciparum antigens in cerebral and uncomplicated malaria and their relationship to parasite genotype. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :430–435.
Teasdale G, Jennet B, 1974. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 2 :81–84.
Warrell DA, 1989. Cerebral malaria. Q J Med 265 :369–371.
Warrell DA, Molyneux ME, Beales PF, 1990. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 (Suppl 1):1–65.
Gilles HM, 1993. Diagnostic methods in malaria. Gilles HM, Warrell DA, eds. Bruce Chwatt’s Essential Malariology. Third edition. London: Edward Arnold, 78–95.
Greenwood BM, Armstrong JRM, 1991. Comparison of two simple methods for determining malaria parasite density. Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :186–188.
Kain KC, Lanar DE, 1991. Determination of genetic variation within Plasmodium falciparum by using enzymatically amplified DNA from filter paper disks impregnated with whole blood. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1171–1174.
Cavanagh DR, Elhassan IM, Roper C, Robinson VJ, Giha H, Holder AA, Theander TG, Arnot DE, McBoride JS, 1998. A longitudinal study of type-specific antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 in an area of unstable malaria in Sudan. J Immunol 161 :347–359.
Contamin H, Fandeur T, Bonnefoy S, Skourri F, Ntoumi F, Mercedeau-Puijalon O, 1995. PCR typing of field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. J Clin Microbiol 33 :944–951.
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):1–18.
Bendixen M, Msangeni HA, Pedersen BV, Shayo D, Bodkar R, 2001. Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and complexity of infections in relation to transmission intensity and host age: a study from the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :143–148.
Okheallialam TC, Kilama WL, Ramji BD, 1972. The clinical significance of malaria parasitemia in children. East Afr Med J 49 :962–982.
Silamut K, White NJ, 1993. Relation of the stage of parasite development in the peripheral blood to prognosis in severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :436–443.
Babiker HA, Abdul-Mohsin AA, Ranford-Cartwright L, Satti G, Walliker D, 1998. Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that survive the lengthy dry season in eastern Sudan where malaria transmission is markedly seasonal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :582–590.
Zwetyenga J, Rogier C, Spiegel A, Fontenille D, Trape J-F, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1999. A cohort study of Plasmodium falciparum diversity during the dry season in Ndiop, a Senaglese village with seasonal, mesoendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :375–380.
Roper C, Richardson W, Elhassan IM, Giha H, Hviid L, Satti GM, Theander TG, Arnot DE, 1998. Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and its relationship to clinical malaria in an area of unstable transmission in Sudan. Parasitology 116 :501–510.
Ofosu-Okyere A, Mackinnon MJ, Sowa MP, Koram KA, Nkrumah F, Osei YD, Hill WG, Wilson MD, Arnot DE, 2001. Novel Plasmodium falciparum clone multiplicities are associated with the increase in malaria morbidity in Ghanaian children during the transition into the high transmission season. Parasitology 123 :113–123.
Taylor LH, Mackinnon MJ, Read AF, 1998. Virulence of mixedclone and single-clone infections of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi. Evolution 52 :583–591.
Al-Yaman F, Genton B, Reeder JC, Anders RF, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1997. Reduced risk of clinical malaria in children infected with multiple clones of Plasmodium falciparum in a highly endemic area: a prospective community study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :602–605.
Ferreira MU, Kimura EAS, Katzin AM, Santos-Neto LL, Ferrarri JO, Villalobos JM, DeCarvalho ME, 1998. The IgG subclass distribution of naturally acquired antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum in relation to malaria exposure and severity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :245–256.
Roper C, Elhassan IM, Hviid L, Giha H, Richardson W, Babiker H, Satti GMH, Theander TG, Arnot DE, 1996. Detection of very low level Plasmodium falciparum infection using the nested polymerase chain reaction and a reassessment of the epidemiology of unstable malaria in Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :325–331.
Singh B, Cox-Singh J, Miller AO, Abdullah MS, Snounou G, Abdul Rahman H, 1996. Detection of malaria by nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of dried blood spots on filter paper. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :519–521.
Jepson A, Sisay-Joof F, Banya W, Hassan-King M, Frodshman A, Bennett S, Hill AVS, White H, 1997. Genetic linkage of mild malaria to the major histocompatibility complex in Gambian children: study of affected sibling pairs. BMJ 87 :96–97.
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Thirty adult patients with cerebral malaria (CM) were recruited for this study. Two clinical groups were used as controls: those with mild malaria (n = 20) and asymptomatic volunteers (n = 20). Thick and thin blood smears were examined for detection of Plasmodium falciparum and estimating infection intensity. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using allele-specific primers for merozoite surface protein gene was used to determine the parasite diversity of Plasmodium falciparum causing CM. Plasmodium falciparum was detected in blood smears of all malaria patients. No significant difference in parasite count was found between the groups. Thirteen (65%) of the asymptomatic volunteers had a positive PCR for P. falciparum. Multiple alleles were found in 17 (58.6%) patients with CM, but only in 7 (35.6%) with uncomplicated malaria. Multiple alleles were also found in 6 (46.2%) of the 13 PCR-positive asymptomatic individuals. We could not identify a specific strain or strains of P. falciparum that showed a significant association with disease severity. Therefore, we assume that the development of CM in adults residing in endemic areas is more dependent on strain multiplicity rather than on a specific strain or strains of P. falciparum, and that the parasite intensity has no relationship with disease severity. Asymptomatic adults may repeatedly be exposed to low levels of a wide range of different strains during low transmission season and acquire sub-patent parasitemia. This may also confer premunition that renders them relatively resistant to CM.
Mendis KN, Carter R, 1995. Clinical disease and pathogenesis in malaria. Parasitol Today 11 :1–15.
Branch OH, Takalo S, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Kolczak M, Hawley W, Lal AA, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum genotypes, low complexity of infection, and resistance to subsequent malaria in participants in the Asembo Bay cohort project. Infect Immun 69 :7783–7792.
Engelbrecht F, Felger I, Genton B, Alpers M, Beck H-P, 1995. Malaria morbidity is associated with Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen 2 genotypes. Exp Parasitol 81 :90–96.
Ariey F, Hommel D, Le Scanf C, Ducemin JB, Peneau C, Hulin A, Sarthou JL, Reynes JM, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2001. Association of severe malaria with a specific Plasmodium falciparum genotype in French Guiana. J Infect Dis 184 :237–241.
Borst P, Bitter W, McCulloch R, Leewen FV, Rudenko G, 1995. Antigenic variation in malaria. Cell 82 :1–4.
Kemp DJ, Cowman AF, Walliker D, 1990. Genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum. Adv Parasitol 29 :75–149.
Felger I, Irion A, Steiger S, Beck H-P, 1999. Epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infection. Genotypes of merozoites surface protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania. Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :S3–S9.
Smyteh JA, Peterson GM, Coppel R, Soul KJ, Kemp DJ, Anders R, 1990. Structural diversity in the 45-kilodalton merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 39 :227–234.
Al-Yaman F, Genton B, Reeder JC, Mokela D, Anders RF, Alpers MP, 1997. Humoral response to defined Plasmodium falciparum antigens in cerebral and uncomplicated malaria and their relationship to parasite genotype. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :430–435.
Teasdale G, Jennet B, 1974. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 2 :81–84.
Warrell DA, 1989. Cerebral malaria. Q J Med 265 :369–371.
Warrell DA, Molyneux ME, Beales PF, 1990. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 (Suppl 1):1–65.
Gilles HM, 1993. Diagnostic methods in malaria. Gilles HM, Warrell DA, eds. Bruce Chwatt’s Essential Malariology. Third edition. London: Edward Arnold, 78–95.
Greenwood BM, Armstrong JRM, 1991. Comparison of two simple methods for determining malaria parasite density. Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :186–188.
Kain KC, Lanar DE, 1991. Determination of genetic variation within Plasmodium falciparum by using enzymatically amplified DNA from filter paper disks impregnated with whole blood. J Clin Microbiol 29 :1171–1174.
Cavanagh DR, Elhassan IM, Roper C, Robinson VJ, Giha H, Holder AA, Theander TG, Arnot DE, McBoride JS, 1998. A longitudinal study of type-specific antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 in an area of unstable malaria in Sudan. J Immunol 161 :347–359.
Contamin H, Fandeur T, Bonnefoy S, Skourri F, Ntoumi F, Mercedeau-Puijalon O, 1995. PCR typing of field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. J Clin Microbiol 33 :944–951.
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):1–18.
Bendixen M, Msangeni HA, Pedersen BV, Shayo D, Bodkar R, 2001. Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and complexity of infections in relation to transmission intensity and host age: a study from the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :143–148.
Okheallialam TC, Kilama WL, Ramji BD, 1972. The clinical significance of malaria parasitemia in children. East Afr Med J 49 :962–982.
Silamut K, White NJ, 1993. Relation of the stage of parasite development in the peripheral blood to prognosis in severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :436–443.
Babiker HA, Abdul-Mohsin AA, Ranford-Cartwright L, Satti G, Walliker D, 1998. Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that survive the lengthy dry season in eastern Sudan where malaria transmission is markedly seasonal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :582–590.
Zwetyenga J, Rogier C, Spiegel A, Fontenille D, Trape J-F, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1999. A cohort study of Plasmodium falciparum diversity during the dry season in Ndiop, a Senaglese village with seasonal, mesoendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :375–380.
Roper C, Richardson W, Elhassan IM, Giha H, Hviid L, Satti GM, Theander TG, Arnot DE, 1998. Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and its relationship to clinical malaria in an area of unstable transmission in Sudan. Parasitology 116 :501–510.
Ofosu-Okyere A, Mackinnon MJ, Sowa MP, Koram KA, Nkrumah F, Osei YD, Hill WG, Wilson MD, Arnot DE, 2001. Novel Plasmodium falciparum clone multiplicities are associated with the increase in malaria morbidity in Ghanaian children during the transition into the high transmission season. Parasitology 123 :113–123.
Taylor LH, Mackinnon MJ, Read AF, 1998. Virulence of mixedclone and single-clone infections of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi. Evolution 52 :583–591.
Al-Yaman F, Genton B, Reeder JC, Anders RF, Smith T, Alpers MP, 1997. Reduced risk of clinical malaria in children infected with multiple clones of Plasmodium falciparum in a highly endemic area: a prospective community study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :602–605.
Ferreira MU, Kimura EAS, Katzin AM, Santos-Neto LL, Ferrarri JO, Villalobos JM, DeCarvalho ME, 1998. The IgG subclass distribution of naturally acquired antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum in relation to malaria exposure and severity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :245–256.
Roper C, Elhassan IM, Hviid L, Giha H, Richardson W, Babiker H, Satti GMH, Theander TG, Arnot DE, 1996. Detection of very low level Plasmodium falciparum infection using the nested polymerase chain reaction and a reassessment of the epidemiology of unstable malaria in Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :325–331.
Singh B, Cox-Singh J, Miller AO, Abdullah MS, Snounou G, Abdul Rahman H, 1996. Detection of malaria by nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of dried blood spots on filter paper. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :519–521.
Jepson A, Sisay-Joof F, Banya W, Hassan-King M, Frodshman A, Bennett S, Hill AVS, White H, 1997. Genetic linkage of mild malaria to the major histocompatibility complex in Gambian children: study of affected sibling pairs. BMJ 87 :96–97.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 136 | 105 | 4 |
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| PDF Downloads | 41 | 8 | 2 |
