3.2 PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY—VACCINES

Achim Hoerauf
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Cathy Steel
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Author Notes

  • 1

    Lightowlers MW, Colebrook AL, Gauci CG, Gauci SM, Kyngdon CT, Monkhouse JL, Vallejo Rodriquez C, Read AJ, Rolfe RA, Sato C, 2003. Vaccination against cestode parasites: anti-helminth vaccines that work and why. Vet Parasitol 115 :83–123.

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  • 2

    Hotez PJ, Zhan B, Bethony JM, Loukas A, Williamson A, Goud GN, Hawdon JM, Dobardzic A, Dobardzic R, Ghosh K, Bottazzi ME, Mendez S, Zook B, Wang Y, Liu S, Essiet-Gibson I, Chung-Debose S, Xiao S, Knox D, Meagher M, Inan M, Correa-Oliveira R, Vilk P, Shepherd HR, Brandt W, Russell PK, 2003. Progress in the development of a recombinant vaccine for human hookworm disease: The human hookworm vaccine initiative. Int J Parasitol 33 :1245–1258.

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  • 3

    Abraham D, Lucius R, Trees AJ, 2002. Immunity to Onchocerca spp. in animal hosts. Trends Parasitol 18 :164–170.

  • 4

    Haas B, Wenk P, 1981. Elimination of microfilariae Litomosoides carinii Filarioidea in the patent and in the immunized cotton-rat. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75 :143–144.

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  • 5

    Maizels RM, Denham DA, 1992. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC): immunopharmacological interactions of an anti-filarial drug. Parasitology 105 (Suppl):S49–S60.

  • 6

    Ali MM, Mukhtar MM, Baraka OZ, Homeida MM, Kheir MM, Mackenzie CD, 2002. Immunocompetence may be important in the effectiveness of Mectizan (ivermectin) in the treatment of human onchocerciasis: Acta Trop 84 :49–53.

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  • 7

    Steel C, Guinea A, Ottesen EA, 1996. Evidence for protective immunity to bancroftian filariasis in the Cook Islands. J Infect Dis 174 :598–605.

  • 8

    Elson LH, Guderian RH, Araujo E, Bradley JE, Days A, Nutman TB, 1994. Immunity to onchocerciasis: putative immune individuals produce a Th1-like response to Onchocerca volvulus.J Infect Dis 169 :588–594.

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  • 9

    Turaga PS, Tierney TJ, Bennett KE, McCarthy MC, Simonek SC, Enyong PA, Moukatte DW, Lustigman S, 2000. Immunity to onchocerciasis: cells from putatively immune individuals produce enhanced levels of interleukin-5, gamma interferon, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to Onchocerca volvulus larval and male worm antigens. Infect Immun 68 :1905–1911.

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  • 10

    Day KP, Grenfell B, Spark R, Kazura JW, Alpers MP, 1991. Age-specific patterns of change in the dynamics of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :518–527.

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  • 11

    Bleiss W, Oberlander U, Hartmann S, Adam R, Marko A, Schonemeyer A, Lucius R, 2002. Protective immunity induced by irradiated third-stage larvae of the filarial Acanthocheilonema viteae is directed against third-stage larvae before molting. J Parasitol 88 :264–270.

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  • 12

    Taylor MJ, Van Es RP, Shay K, Folkard SG, Townson S, Bianco AE, 1994. Protective immunity against Onchocerca volvulus and O. lienalis infective larvae in mice. Trop Med Parasitol 45 :17–23.

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  • 13

    Lange AM, Yutanawiboonchai W, Lok JB, Trpis M, Abraham D, 1993. Induction of protective immunity against larval Onchocerca volvulus in a mouse model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :783–788.

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  • 14

    Trees AJ, Graham SP, Renz A, Bianco AE, Tanya V, 2000. Onchocerca ochengi infections in cattle as a model for human onchocerciasis: recent developments. Parasitology 120 (Suppl):S133–S142.

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  • 15

    Martin C, Al-Qaoud KM, Ungeheuer MN, Paehle K, Vuong PN, Bain O, Fleischer B, Hoerauf A, 2000. IL-5 is essential for vaccine-induced protection and for resolution of primary infection in murine filariasis. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 189 :67–74.

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  • 16

    Le Goff L, Loke P, Fahimeda Ali H, Taylor DW, Allen JE, 2000. Interleukin-5 is essential for vaccine-mediated immunity but not innate resistance to a filarial parasite. Infect Immun 68 :2513–2517.

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  • 17

    Bancroft AJ, Grencis RK, Else KJ, Devaney E, 1993. Cytokine production in BALB/c mice immunized with radiation attenuated third stage larvae of the filarial nematode, Brugia pahangi.J Immunol 150 :1395–1402.

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  • 18

    Martin C, Le Goff L, Ungeheuer M-N, Vuong PN, Bain O, 2000. Drastic reduction of a filarial infection in eosinophilic inter-leukin-5 transgenic mice. Infect Immun 68 :3651–3656.

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  • 19

    Le Goff L, Lamb TJ, Graham AL, Harcus Y, Allen JE, 2002. IL-4 is required to prevent filarial nematode development in resistant but not susceptible strains of mice. Int J Parasitol 32 :1277–1284.

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  • 20

    Abraham D, Leon O, Schnyder-Candrian S, Wang CC, Galioto AM, Kerepesi LA, Lee JJ, Lustigman S, 2004. Immunoglobulin E and eosinophil-dependent protective immunity to larval Onchocerca volvulus in mice immunized with irradiated larvae. Infect Immun 72 :810–817.

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  • 21

    Folkard SG, Hogarth PJ, Taylor MJ, Bianco AE, 1996. Eosinophils are the major effector cells of immunity to microfilariae in a mouse model of onchocerciasis. Parasitology 112 :323–329.

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  • 22

    Volkmann L, Bain O, Saeftel M, Specht S, Fischer K, Brombacher F, Matthaei KI, Hoerauf A, 2003. Murine filariasis: interleukin 4 and interleukin 5 lead to containment of different worm developmental stages. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 192 :23–31.

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  • 23

    Volkmann L, Saeftel M, Bain O, Fischer K, Fleischer B, Hoerauf A, 2001. Interleukin-4 is essential for the control of microfilariae in murine infection with the Filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis.Infect Immun 69 :2950–2956.

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  • 24

    Hoffmann WH, Pfaff AW, Schulz-Key H, Soboslay PT, 2001. Determinants for resistance and susceptibility to microfilaraemia in Litomosoides sigmodontis.Parasitology 122 :641–649.

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  • 25

    Saeftel M, Arndt M, Specht S, Volkmann L, Hoerauf A, 2003. Synergism of gamma interferon and interleukin-5 in the control of murine filariasis. Infect Immun 71 :6978–6985.

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  • 26

    Lustigman S, James ER, Wilson T, Abraham D, 2002. Towards a recombinant antigen vaccine against Onchocerca volvulus.Trends Parasitol 18 :135–141.

  • 27

    Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Traore B, Vannaphan S, Gay F, Chindanond D, Franetich JF, Mazier D, Looareesuwan S, 2002. Helminth infections are associated with protection from cerebral malaria and increased nitrogen derivatives concentrations in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :304–309.

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  • 28

    Le Hesran JY, Akiana J, Ndiaye el HM, Dia M, Senghor P, Konnate L, 2004. Severe malaria attack is associated with high prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection among children in rural Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :397–399.

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  • 29

    Spiegel A, Tall A, Raphenon G, Trape JF, Druilhe P, 2003. Increased frequency of malaria attacks in subjects co-infected by intestinal worms and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :198–199.

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