Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Peters CJ, LeDuc JW, 1999. An introduction to Ebola: the virus and the disease. J Infect Dis 179 :9–16.
-
2
World Health Organization, 1976. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Bull World Health Organ 56 :247–270.
-
3
World Health Organization, 1976. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bull World Health Organ 56 :271–293.
-
4
Heymann DL, Weisfeld JS, Webb PA, Johnson KM, Cairns T, Berquist H, 1980. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977–1978. J Infect Dis 142 :372–376.
-
5
Baron RC, McCormick JB, Zubeir OA, 1983. Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread. Bull World Health Organ 61 :997–1003.
-
6
Formenty P, Boesch C, Wyers M, Steiner C, Donati F, Dind F, Walker F, Le Guenno B, 1999. Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Côte d’Ivoire. J Infect Dis 179 :S120–S126.
-
7
Formenty P, Hatz C, LeGuenno B, Stoll A, Rogenmoser P, Widmer A, 1999. Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Côte d’Ivoire: clinical and biologic presentation. J Infect Dis 179 :S48–S53.
-
8
Amblard J, Obiang P, Prechaud C, Bouloy M, LeGuenno B, 1997. Identification of the Ebola virus in Gabon in 1994. Lancet 349 :181–182.
-
9
Georges AJ, Leroy EM, Renaut AA, Benissan CT, Nabias RJ, Ngoc MT, Obiang PI, Lepage JP, Bertherat EJ, Benoni DD, Wickings EJ, Amblard JP, Lansoud-Soukate JM, Milleliri JM, Baize S, Georges-Courbot MC, 1999. Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994–1997: epidemiologic and health control issues. J Infect Dis 179 :S65–S75.
-
10
Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Kipasa M, 1995. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Zaire. Lancet 345 :1448.
-
11
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever-Uganda, August 2000-January 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :73–77.
-
12
World Health Organization, 2001. Outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Uganda, August 2000-January 2001. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 76 :41–46.
-
13
World Health Organization, 2003. Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001–July 2002. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78 :217–224.
-
14
Leroy EM, Rouquet P, Formenty P, Souquière S, Kilbourne A, Froment J-M, Bermejo M, Smit S, Karesh W, Swanepoel R, Zaki SR, Rollin PE, 2004. Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of Central African wildlife. Science 303 :387–390.
-
15
World Health Organization, 2003. Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of Congo, January–April 2003. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78 :285–296.
-
16
Walsh PD, Abernethy KA, Bermejo M, Beyers R, de Wachter P, Akou ME, Huijbregts B, Mambounga DI, Toham AK, Kilbourn AM, Lahm SA, Latour S, Maisels F, Mbina C, Mihindou Y, Obiang SN, Effa EN, Starkey MP, Telfer P, Thibault M, Tutin CE, White LJ, Wilkie DS, 2003. Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature 422 :611–614.
-
17
Arata AA, Johnson B, 1978. Approaches towards studies on potential reservoir of viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan (1977). Pattyn SR, ed. Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever. Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Ebola Virus Infection and Other Haemorrhagic Fevers. Antwerp, Belgium, December 6–8, 1977. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 191–202.
-
18
Germain M, 1978. Collection of mammals and arthropods during the epidemic of haemorrhagic fever in Zaie. Pattyn SR, ed. Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever. Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Ebola Virus Infection and Other Haemorrhagic Fevers. Antwerp, Belgium, December 6–8, 1977. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 185–189.
-
19
Reiter P, Turell M, Coleman R, Miller B, Maupin G, Liz J, Kuehne A, Barth J, Geisbert J, Dohm D, Glick J, Pecor J, Robbins R, Jahrling P, Peters C, Ksiazek T, 1999. Field investigations of an outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: arthropod studies. J Infect Dis 179 :S148–S154.
-
20
Leirs H, Mills JN, Krebs JW, Childs JE, Akaibe D, Woollen N, Ludwig G, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG, 1999. Search for the Ebola virus reservoir in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: reflections on a vertebrate collection. J Infect Dis 179 :S155–S163.
-
21
Breman JG, Johnson KM, van der Groen G, Robbins CB, Szczeniowski MV, Ruti K, Webb PA, Meier F, Heymann DL, 1999. A search for Ebola virus in animals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroon: ecologic, virologic, and serologic surveys, 1979–1980. J Infect Dis 179 :S139–S147.
-
22
Johnson BK, Wambui C, Ocheng D, Gichogo A, Oogo S, Libondo D, Gitau LG, Tukei PM, Johnson ED, 1986. Seasonal variation in antibodies against Ebola virus in Kenyan fever patients (letter). Lancet 8490 :1160.
-
23
Monath TP, 1999. Ecology of Marburg and Ebola viruses: speculations and directions for future research. J Infect Dis 179 :S127–S138.
-
24
Tucker CJ, Wilson JM, Mahoney R, Anyamba A, Linthicum K, Myers MF, 2002. Climatic and ecological context of the 1994–1996 Ebola outbreaks. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens 68 :174–152.
-
25
Wilson JM, Tucker CJ, 2002. Use of remote sensing in epidemic surveillance and response. World Meteorol Organ Bull 51 :136–139.
-
26
Cracknell, AP, 1997. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. London: Taylor and Francis, 534.
-
27
Kidwell KB, 1997. NOAA Polar Orbiter Users Guide. Rockville, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
-
28
Pinzon JE, Brown ME, Tucker CJ, 2004. Satellite time series correction of orbital drift artifacts using empirical mode decomposition. Huang NE, Shen SSP, eds. EMD and Its Applications. Singapore: World Scientific 10: 285–295.
-
29
Pinzon JE, 2002. Using HHT to successfully uncouple seasonal and interannual components in remotely sensed data. SCI 2002 Proceedings. Orlando, FL. July 14–18, 2002.
-
30
Lotsch A, Friedl MA, Pinzon JE, 2003. Spatio-temporal deconvolution of NDVI image sequences using independent component analysis. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 41 :2938–2942.
-
31
Tucker CJ, 1979. Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Remote Sens Environ 8 :127–150.
-
32
Myneni RB, Hall FG, Sellers PJ, Marshak AL, 1995. The interpretation of spectral vegetation indexes. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing 33 :481–486.
-
33
Tucker CJ, Sellers PJ, 1986. Satellite remote sensing of primary production. Int J Remote Sens 7 :1395–1416.
-
34
Justice CO, Holben BN, Gwynne MD, 1986. Monitoring East African vegetation using AVHRR data. Int J Remote Sens 7 :1453–1474.
-
35
Nicholson SE, Davenport ML, Malo AR, 1990. A comparison of vegetation response to rainfall in the Sahel and east Africa using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from NOAA-AVHRR. Climate Change 17 :209–241.
-
36
Cihlar J, St. Laurent L, Dyer JA, 1991. The relation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and ecological variables. Remote Sens Environ 35 :279–298.
-
37
Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ, 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285 :397–400.
-
38
Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL, Davies FG, Tucker CJ, 1987. Detection of Rift Valley fever viral activity in Kenya by satellite remote sensing imagery. Science 235 :1656–1659.
-
39
Betherton CS, Smith C, Wallace JM, 1992. An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J Climate 5 :541–560.
-
40
Wallace JM, Smith C, Bretherton CS, 1992. Singular value decomposition of winter time sea surface temperature and 500-mb height anomalies. J Climate 5 :561–576.
-
41
Cherry S, 1996. Singular value decomposition analysis and canonical correlation analysis. J Climate 9 :2003–2009.
-
42
Vermote EF, El Saleous NZ, Kaufman YF, Dutton E, 1997. Data pre-processing: stratospheric aerosol perturbing effect on the remote sensing of vegetation: correction method for the composite NDVI after the Pinatubo eruption. Remote Sens Rev 15 :7–21.
-
43
Hansen J, Lacis A, Ruedy R, Sato M, 1992. Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption. Geophys Res Lett 19 :215–218.
-
44
Wright SJ, 1996. Phenological responses to seasonality in tropical forest plants. Mulkey SS, Chazdon RL, Smith AP, eds. Tropical Forest Plant Ecophysiology. New York: Chapman & Hall/International Thomson Publishing Company, 450–455.
-
45
Emmons LH, 1980. Ecology and resource partitioning among nine species of African rain forest squirrels. Ecol Monogr 50 :31–54.
-
46
Gautier-Hion A, 1980. Seasonal variations of diet related to species and sex in a community of Cercopithecus monkeys. J Anim Ecol 49 :237–269.
-
47
Gautier-Hion A, Michaloud G, 1989. Are figs always keystone resources for tropical frugivorous vertebrates? A test in Gabon. Ecology 70 :1826–1833.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 997 | 782 | 52 |
| Full Text Views | 761 | 16 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 269 | 21 | 8 |
TRIGGER EVENTS: ENVIROCLIMATIC COUPLING OF EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER OUTBREAKS
JORGE E. PINZON
JORGE E. PINZON
Biospheric Sciences Branch, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Science Systems & Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland; Global Alert and Response Team, Department of Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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JAMES M. WILSON
JAMES M. WILSON
Biospheric Sciences Branch, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Science Systems & Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland; Global Alert and Response Team, Department of Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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COMPTON J. TUCKER
COMPTON J. TUCKER
Biospheric Sciences Branch, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Science Systems & Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland; Global Alert and Response Team, Department of Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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RAY ARTHUR
RAY ARTHUR
Biospheric Sciences Branch, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Science Systems & Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland; Global Alert and Response Team, Department of Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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PETER B. JAHRLING
PETER B. JAHRLING
Biospheric Sciences Branch, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Science Systems & Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland; Global Alert and Response Team, Department of Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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PIERRE FORMENTY
PIERRE FORMENTY
Biospheric Sciences Branch, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Science Systems & Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland; Global Alert and Response Team, Department of Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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We use spatially continuous satellite data as a correlate of precipitation within tropical Africa and show that the majority of documented Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks were closely associated with sharply drier conditions at the end of the rainy season. We propose that these trigger events may enhance transmission of Ebola virus from its cryptic reservoir to humans. These findings suggest specific directions to help understand the sylvatic cycle of the virus and may provide early warning tools to detect possible future outbreaks of this enigmatic disease.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Peters CJ, LeDuc JW, 1999. An introduction to Ebola: the virus and the disease. J Infect Dis 179 :9–16.
-
2
World Health Organization, 1976. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Bull World Health Organ 56 :247–270.
-
3
World Health Organization, 1976. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bull World Health Organ 56 :271–293.
-
4
Heymann DL, Weisfeld JS, Webb PA, Johnson KM, Cairns T, Berquist H, 1980. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977–1978. J Infect Dis 142 :372–376.
-
5
Baron RC, McCormick JB, Zubeir OA, 1983. Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread. Bull World Health Organ 61 :997–1003.
-
6
Formenty P, Boesch C, Wyers M, Steiner C, Donati F, Dind F, Walker F, Le Guenno B, 1999. Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Côte d’Ivoire. J Infect Dis 179 :S120–S126.
-
7
Formenty P, Hatz C, LeGuenno B, Stoll A, Rogenmoser P, Widmer A, 1999. Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Côte d’Ivoire: clinical and biologic presentation. J Infect Dis 179 :S48–S53.
-
8
Amblard J, Obiang P, Prechaud C, Bouloy M, LeGuenno B, 1997. Identification of the Ebola virus in Gabon in 1994. Lancet 349 :181–182.
-
9
Georges AJ, Leroy EM, Renaut AA, Benissan CT, Nabias RJ, Ngoc MT, Obiang PI, Lepage JP, Bertherat EJ, Benoni DD, Wickings EJ, Amblard JP, Lansoud-Soukate JM, Milleliri JM, Baize S, Georges-Courbot MC, 1999. Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994–1997: epidemiologic and health control issues. J Infect Dis 179 :S65–S75.
-
10
Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Kipasa M, 1995. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Zaire. Lancet 345 :1448.
-
11
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever-Uganda, August 2000-January 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :73–77.
-
12
World Health Organization, 2001. Outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Uganda, August 2000-January 2001. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 76 :41–46.
-
13
World Health Organization, 2003. Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001–July 2002. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78 :217–224.
-
14
Leroy EM, Rouquet P, Formenty P, Souquière S, Kilbourne A, Froment J-M, Bermejo M, Smit S, Karesh W, Swanepoel R, Zaki SR, Rollin PE, 2004. Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of Central African wildlife. Science 303 :387–390.
-
15
World Health Organization, 2003. Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of Congo, January–April 2003. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78 :285–296.
-
16
Walsh PD, Abernethy KA, Bermejo M, Beyers R, de Wachter P, Akou ME, Huijbregts B, Mambounga DI, Toham AK, Kilbourn AM, Lahm SA, Latour S, Maisels F, Mbina C, Mihindou Y, Obiang SN, Effa EN, Starkey MP, Telfer P, Thibault M, Tutin CE, White LJ, Wilkie DS, 2003. Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature 422 :611–614.
-
17
Arata AA, Johnson B, 1978. Approaches towards studies on potential reservoir of viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan (1977). Pattyn SR, ed. Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever. Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Ebola Virus Infection and Other Haemorrhagic Fevers. Antwerp, Belgium, December 6–8, 1977. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 191–202.
-
18
Germain M, 1978. Collection of mammals and arthropods during the epidemic of haemorrhagic fever in Zaie. Pattyn SR, ed. Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever. Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Ebola Virus Infection and Other Haemorrhagic Fevers. Antwerp, Belgium, December 6–8, 1977. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 185–189.
-
19
Reiter P, Turell M, Coleman R, Miller B, Maupin G, Liz J, Kuehne A, Barth J, Geisbert J, Dohm D, Glick J, Pecor J, Robbins R, Jahrling P, Peters C, Ksiazek T, 1999. Field investigations of an outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: arthropod studies. J Infect Dis 179 :S148–S154.
-
20
Leirs H, Mills JN, Krebs JW, Childs JE, Akaibe D, Woollen N, Ludwig G, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG, 1999. Search for the Ebola virus reservoir in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: reflections on a vertebrate collection. J Infect Dis 179 :S155–S163.
-
21
Breman JG, Johnson KM, van der Groen G, Robbins CB, Szczeniowski MV, Ruti K, Webb PA, Meier F, Heymann DL, 1999. A search for Ebola virus in animals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroon: ecologic, virologic, and serologic surveys, 1979–1980. J Infect Dis 179 :S139–S147.
-
22
Johnson BK, Wambui C, Ocheng D, Gichogo A, Oogo S, Libondo D, Gitau LG, Tukei PM, Johnson ED, 1986. Seasonal variation in antibodies against Ebola virus in Kenyan fever patients (letter). Lancet 8490 :1160.
-
23
Monath TP, 1999. Ecology of Marburg and Ebola viruses: speculations and directions for future research. J Infect Dis 179 :S127–S138.
-
24
Tucker CJ, Wilson JM, Mahoney R, Anyamba A, Linthicum K, Myers MF, 2002. Climatic and ecological context of the 1994–1996 Ebola outbreaks. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens 68 :174–152.
-
25
Wilson JM, Tucker CJ, 2002. Use of remote sensing in epidemic surveillance and response. World Meteorol Organ Bull 51 :136–139.
-
26
Cracknell, AP, 1997. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. London: Taylor and Francis, 534.
-
27
Kidwell KB, 1997. NOAA Polar Orbiter Users Guide. Rockville, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
-
28
Pinzon JE, Brown ME, Tucker CJ, 2004. Satellite time series correction of orbital drift artifacts using empirical mode decomposition. Huang NE, Shen SSP, eds. EMD and Its Applications. Singapore: World Scientific 10: 285–295.
-
29
Pinzon JE, 2002. Using HHT to successfully uncouple seasonal and interannual components in remotely sensed data. SCI 2002 Proceedings. Orlando, FL. July 14–18, 2002.
-
30
Lotsch A, Friedl MA, Pinzon JE, 2003. Spatio-temporal deconvolution of NDVI image sequences using independent component analysis. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 41 :2938–2942.
-
31
Tucker CJ, 1979. Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Remote Sens Environ 8 :127–150.
-
32
Myneni RB, Hall FG, Sellers PJ, Marshak AL, 1995. The interpretation of spectral vegetation indexes. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing 33 :481–486.
-
33
Tucker CJ, Sellers PJ, 1986. Satellite remote sensing of primary production. Int J Remote Sens 7 :1395–1416.
-
34
Justice CO, Holben BN, Gwynne MD, 1986. Monitoring East African vegetation using AVHRR data. Int J Remote Sens 7 :1453–1474.
-
35
Nicholson SE, Davenport ML, Malo AR, 1990. A comparison of vegetation response to rainfall in the Sahel and east Africa using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from NOAA-AVHRR. Climate Change 17 :209–241.
-
36
Cihlar J, St. Laurent L, Dyer JA, 1991. The relation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and ecological variables. Remote Sens Environ 35 :279–298.
-
37
Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ, 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285 :397–400.
-
38
Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL, Davies FG, Tucker CJ, 1987. Detection of Rift Valley fever viral activity in Kenya by satellite remote sensing imagery. Science 235 :1656–1659.
-
39
Betherton CS, Smith C, Wallace JM, 1992. An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J Climate 5 :541–560.
-
40
Wallace JM, Smith C, Bretherton CS, 1992. Singular value decomposition of winter time sea surface temperature and 500-mb height anomalies. J Climate 5 :561–576.
-
41
Cherry S, 1996. Singular value decomposition analysis and canonical correlation analysis. J Climate 9 :2003–2009.
-
42
Vermote EF, El Saleous NZ, Kaufman YF, Dutton E, 1997. Data pre-processing: stratospheric aerosol perturbing effect on the remote sensing of vegetation: correction method for the composite NDVI after the Pinatubo eruption. Remote Sens Rev 15 :7–21.
-
43
Hansen J, Lacis A, Ruedy R, Sato M, 1992. Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption. Geophys Res Lett 19 :215–218.
-
44
Wright SJ, 1996. Phenological responses to seasonality in tropical forest plants. Mulkey SS, Chazdon RL, Smith AP, eds. Tropical Forest Plant Ecophysiology. New York: Chapman & Hall/International Thomson Publishing Company, 450–455.
-
45
Emmons LH, 1980. Ecology and resource partitioning among nine species of African rain forest squirrels. Ecol Monogr 50 :31–54.
-
46
Gautier-Hion A, 1980. Seasonal variations of diet related to species and sex in a community of Cercopithecus monkeys. J Anim Ecol 49 :237–269.
-
47
Gautier-Hion A, Michaloud G, 1989. Are figs always keystone resources for tropical frugivorous vertebrates? A test in Gabon. Ecology 70 :1826–1833.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 997 | 782 | 52 |
| Full Text Views | 761 | 16 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 269 | 21 | 8 |