- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIAL AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Pattern of malaria incidence in San Dulakudar
- Malaria transmission vectors in San Dulakudar
- Malaria parasite prevalence and spleen rates in San Dulakudar
- Plasmodium falciparum malaria incidence, parasite prevalence, and anemia as a function of age
- Multiplicity of infection and diversity of P. falciparum field isolates in San Dulakudar
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Wahlgren M, Bjorkman A, Perlmann H, Berzins K, Perlmann P, 1986. Anti P.falciparum antibodies acquired by residents in a holoendemic area of Liberia during development of clinical immunity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :22–29.
-
2
Warsame M, Wernsdorfer WH, Perlmann H, Lebbad M, Ericsson O, Matola YJ, 1997. A malariometric survey in a rural community in the Muheza district, Tanzania: age profiles in the development of humoral immune responses. Acta Trop 68 :239–253.
-
3
Baird JK, Jones TR, Danudirgo EW, Basri H, Anis BA, Bangs MJ, Wiady I, Masbar S, 1991. Age-dependent acquired immunity against Plasmodium falciparum among people with 2 years exposure to hyperendemic malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :65–76.
-
4
Snow RW, Bastos De Azevedo I, Lowe BS, Kabiru EW, Nevill CG, Mwankusye S, Kassiga G, Marsh K, Teuscher T, 1994. Severe childhood malaria in two areas of markedly different falciparum transmission in east Africa. Acta Trop 57 :289–300.
-
5
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1952. Malaria in African infants and children in southern Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 46 :173–200.
-
6
Lucas AO, Hendrickse RG, Okubadejo OA, Richards WHG, Neal RA, Kofie BAK, 1969. The suppression of malaria parasitaemia by pyrimethamine in combination with dapsone or sulphamethoxine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 63 :216–229.
-
7
Marsh K, Greenwood BM, 1992. Malaria- a neglected disease? Parasitology 104 :S53–S69.
-
8
Luxemburger C, Thwai KL, White NJ, Webster HK, Kyle DE, Maelan Kirri K, 1996. The epidemiology of malaria in a Karen population on the Western boarder of Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :105–111.
-
9
Luxemburger C, Ricci F, Nosten F, Raimond D, Bather S, White NJ, 1997. The epidemiology of severe malaria in an area of low transmission in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :256–262.
-
10
Rosenberg R, Andre RG, Ngampatom S, Hatz C, Burge R, 1990. A stable, oligosymptomatic malaria focus in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :14–21.
-
11
Kamolratanakul P, Dhanamun B, Lertmaharit S, Seublinwong T, Udomsangpetch R, Chrakalwasorn N, Thaithong S, 1992. Malaria in a rural area of eastern Thailand: baseline epidemiological studies at Bo Thong. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 4 :783–787.
-
12
Singh N, Mishra AK, Shukla MM, Chand SK, 2003. Forest malaria in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, central India: a case study in a tribal community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :602–607.
-
13
Soe S, Aye KS, Aung H, Win N, Aung T, Swe T, Roussilhon C, Perignon JL, Druilhe P, 2001. Premunition against Plasmodium falciparum in a malaria hyperendemic village in Myanmar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :81–84.
-
14
Baird JK, Sismadi P, Masbar S, Ramzan A, Purnomo BW, Sekartuti, Tjitra E, Rumoko BW, Arbani PR, 1996. A focus of endemic malaria in central Java. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 54 :98–104.
-
15
Krisin, Basri H, Fryauff DJ, Barcus MJ, Bangs MJ, Ayomi E, Marwoto H, Elyazar IR, Richie TL, Baird JK, 2003. Malaria in a cohort of Javanese migrants to Indonesian Papua. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 97 :543–556.
-
16
Jones TR, Baird JK, Bangs MJ, Annis BA, Purnomo, Basri H, Gunawan S, Harjosuwarno S, McElroy PD, Hoffman SL, 1994. Malaria vaccine study site in Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Plasmodium falciparum incidence measurements and epidemiologic considerations in sample size estimation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :210–218.
-
17
Singh J, Ray AP, Nair CP, 1953. JSB stain-its preparation in the powder form and the staining technique. Indian J Malariol 7 :267.
-
18
World Health Organization, 1963. Terminology of Malaria and of Malaria Eradication. Monograph Series No. 13. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
19
DeMaeyer EM, 1989. Preventing and Controlling Iron Deficiency Anemia through Primary Health Care: A Guide for Health Administrators and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
20
Snounou G, Zhu X, Siripoon N, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, Viriyakosol S, 1999. Biased distribution of msp 1 and msp 2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :369–374.
-
21
Collins RY, Dash BK, Agarwala RA, Dhal KB, 1986. An adaptation of gel diffusion technique for identifying the source of mosquito blood meals. Indian J Malariol 23 :81–89.
-
22
Burkot TR, Zavala F, Gwadz RW, Collins FH, Nussenzweig RS, Roberts DR, 1984. Identification of malaria-infected mosquitoes by a two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :227–231.
-
23
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1963. A longitudinal survey of natural malaria infection in a group of west African adults. West Afr Med J 12 :141–173.
-
24
Trape JF, Rogier C, Konatz L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque BC, Legros F, Badji A, Ndiaye G, Ndiaye P, Brahimi V, Faye O, Druilhe P, Pereira da Silva L, 1994. The Dielmo project. A longitudinal study of natural malaria infection in a community living in a holoendemic area of Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :123–137.
-
25
Smith T, Beck HP, Kitua A, Mwankusye S, Felger I, Fraser-Hurt N, Irion A, Alonso P, Teuscher T, Tanner M, 1999. Epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. 4. Age dependence of the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections and of other malariological indices in area of high endemicity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :S1/15– S1/20.
-
26
Baird JK, 1995. Host age as a determinant of naturally acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum.Parasitol Today 11 :105–111.
-
27
Theander TG, 1998. Unstable malaria in Sudan: the influence of the dry season. Malaria in areas of unstable and seasonal transmission. Lessons from Daraweesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :589–592.
-
28
Chattopadhyay R, Sharma A, Srivastava VK, Pati SS, Sharma SK, Das BS, Chitnis CE, 2003. Plasmodium falciparum infection elicits both variant-specific and cross-reactive antibodies against variant surface antigens. Infect Immun 71 :597–604.
-
29
Ghosh SK, Yadav RS, Das BS, Sharma VP, 1995. Influence of nutritional and haemoglobin status on malaria infection in children. Indian J Pediatr 62 :321–326.
-
30
Das BS, Thurnham DI, Das DB, 1997. Influence of malaria on markers of iron status in children: implications for interpreting iron status in malaria-endemic communities. Br J Nutr 78 :751–760.
-
31
Das BS, Nanda NK, Rath PK, Satpathy RN, Das DB, 1999. Anaemia in acute, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children from Orissa state, India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :109–118.
-
32
Kitua AY, Smith T, Alonso PL, Masanja H, Menendez C, Urassa H, Kimario J, Tanner M, 1996. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in first year of life in an area of intense and perennial transmission. Trop Med Int Health 1 :475–484.
-
33
Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Vounatsou P, Font F, Aponte J, Acosta CJ, Schellenberg D, Galindo CM, Kimario J, Masanja H, Urassa H, Fumado V, Brabin B, Smith T, Kitua AY, Tanner M, Alonso PL, 1997. Randomised placebo controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemopro-phylaxis for the prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants. Lancet 350 :844–850.
-
34
Imbert P, Sartelet I, Rogier C, Ka S, Baujat G, Candito D, 1997. Severe malaria among children in low seasonal transmission area, Dakar, Senegal: influence of age on clinical presentation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :22–24.
-
35
Hay SI, Roger DJ, Toomer JF, Snow RW, 2000. Annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (EIR) across Africa: literature survey, internet access and review. Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :113–127.
-
36
Konate L, Zwetyenga J, Rogier C, Bishoff E, Fontenille D, Tall A, Spiegel A, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1999. Variation of Plasmodium falciparum msp 1 block 2 and msp 2 allelic prevalence and of infection complexity in two neighbouring Senegalese villages with different transmission conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :S1/21–S1/28.
-
37
Bendixen M, Msangeni HA, Pedersen BV, Shayo D, Bodker R, 2001. Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and complexity of infections in relation to transmission intensity and host age: a study from the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med hyg 95 :143–148.
-
38
Prusty SKR, Das BS, 2001. Low incidence of the severe complications of malaria and absence of malaria-specific mortality, in Tensa, Sundergarh district, Orissa state, India, an area hyper-endemic for malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :133–140.
-
39
Maitland K, Williams TN, Peto TEA, Day KP, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, Bowden DK, 1997. Absence of malaria-specific mortality in an area of hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :562–566.
-
40
Mishra SK, Mohanty S, Das BS, 2002. The influence of health care facilities on malaria mortality in and around Rourkela, India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :835–837.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 457 | 263 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 1588 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 836 | 4 | 0 |
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL IMMUNITY IN A MALARIA-ENDEMIC VILLAGE, SAN DULAKUDAR, IN ORISSA STATE, INDIA
SURYA K. SHARMA
SURYA K. SHARMA
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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RANA CHATTOPADHYAY
RANA CHATTOPADHYAY
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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KAUSIK CHAKRABARTI
KAUSIK CHAKRABARTI
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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SUDHANSHU S. PATI
SUDHANSHU S. PATI
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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VINOD K. SRIVASTAVA
VINOD K. SRIVASTAVA
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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PRAJESH K. TYAGI
PRAJESH K. TYAGI
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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SANJIB MAHANTY
SANJIB MAHANTY
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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SAROJ K. MISRA
SAROJ K. MISRA
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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TRIDIBES ADAK
TRIDIBES ADAK
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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BHABANI S. DAS
BHABANI S. DAS
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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CHETAN E. CHITNIS
CHETAN E. CHITNIS
Malaria Research Centre Field Station, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Orissa, India; Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India
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We describe the epidemiology of malaria in San Dulakudar, a village in Sundargarh District in the state of Orissa in eastern India. Malaria transmission is perennial with Plasmodium falciparum, accounting for greater than 80% of malaria cases. Transmission intensity varies with season with high transmission after the monsoon rains in autumn and winter, low transmission in summer, and intermediate transmission in spring. The anthropophagic mosquito Anopheles fluviatilis was identified as the main vector for malaria transmission. Based on observations of spleen rates and supported by data on malaria parasite prevalence and malaria incidence, San Dulakudar can be classified as a hyperendemic area for P. falciparum malaria. Parasite prevalence and malaria incidence rates decrease with age, suggesting that residents of San Dulakudar develop immunity to malaria. The study demonstrates the presence of regions in the Indian subcontinent such as Sundargarh District where P. falciparum is the primary cause of malaria and where malaria transmission rates are comparable to those found in many parts of Africa.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIAL AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Pattern of malaria incidence in San Dulakudar
- Malaria transmission vectors in San Dulakudar
- Malaria parasite prevalence and spleen rates in San Dulakudar
- Plasmodium falciparum malaria incidence, parasite prevalence, and anemia as a function of age
- Multiplicity of infection and diversity of P. falciparum field isolates in San Dulakudar
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Wahlgren M, Bjorkman A, Perlmann H, Berzins K, Perlmann P, 1986. Anti P.falciparum antibodies acquired by residents in a holoendemic area of Liberia during development of clinical immunity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :22–29.
-
2
Warsame M, Wernsdorfer WH, Perlmann H, Lebbad M, Ericsson O, Matola YJ, 1997. A malariometric survey in a rural community in the Muheza district, Tanzania: age profiles in the development of humoral immune responses. Acta Trop 68 :239–253.
-
3
Baird JK, Jones TR, Danudirgo EW, Basri H, Anis BA, Bangs MJ, Wiady I, Masbar S, 1991. Age-dependent acquired immunity against Plasmodium falciparum among people with 2 years exposure to hyperendemic malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :65–76.
-
4
Snow RW, Bastos De Azevedo I, Lowe BS, Kabiru EW, Nevill CG, Mwankusye S, Kassiga G, Marsh K, Teuscher T, 1994. Severe childhood malaria in two areas of markedly different falciparum transmission in east Africa. Acta Trop 57 :289–300.
-
5
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1952. Malaria in African infants and children in southern Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 46 :173–200.
-
6
Lucas AO, Hendrickse RG, Okubadejo OA, Richards WHG, Neal RA, Kofie BAK, 1969. The suppression of malaria parasitaemia by pyrimethamine in combination with dapsone or sulphamethoxine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 63 :216–229.
-
7
Marsh K, Greenwood BM, 1992. Malaria- a neglected disease? Parasitology 104 :S53–S69.
-
8
Luxemburger C, Thwai KL, White NJ, Webster HK, Kyle DE, Maelan Kirri K, 1996. The epidemiology of malaria in a Karen population on the Western boarder of Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :105–111.
-
9
Luxemburger C, Ricci F, Nosten F, Raimond D, Bather S, White NJ, 1997. The epidemiology of severe malaria in an area of low transmission in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :256–262.
-
10
Rosenberg R, Andre RG, Ngampatom S, Hatz C, Burge R, 1990. A stable, oligosymptomatic malaria focus in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :14–21.
-
11
Kamolratanakul P, Dhanamun B, Lertmaharit S, Seublinwong T, Udomsangpetch R, Chrakalwasorn N, Thaithong S, 1992. Malaria in a rural area of eastern Thailand: baseline epidemiological studies at Bo Thong. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 4 :783–787.
-
12
Singh N, Mishra AK, Shukla MM, Chand SK, 2003. Forest malaria in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, central India: a case study in a tribal community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :602–607.
-
13
Soe S, Aye KS, Aung H, Win N, Aung T, Swe T, Roussilhon C, Perignon JL, Druilhe P, 2001. Premunition against Plasmodium falciparum in a malaria hyperendemic village in Myanmar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :81–84.
-
14
Baird JK, Sismadi P, Masbar S, Ramzan A, Purnomo BW, Sekartuti, Tjitra E, Rumoko BW, Arbani PR, 1996. A focus of endemic malaria in central Java. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 54 :98–104.
-
15
Krisin, Basri H, Fryauff DJ, Barcus MJ, Bangs MJ, Ayomi E, Marwoto H, Elyazar IR, Richie TL, Baird JK, 2003. Malaria in a cohort of Javanese migrants to Indonesian Papua. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 97 :543–556.
-
16
Jones TR, Baird JK, Bangs MJ, Annis BA, Purnomo, Basri H, Gunawan S, Harjosuwarno S, McElroy PD, Hoffman SL, 1994. Malaria vaccine study site in Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Plasmodium falciparum incidence measurements and epidemiologic considerations in sample size estimation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :210–218.
-
17
Singh J, Ray AP, Nair CP, 1953. JSB stain-its preparation in the powder form and the staining technique. Indian J Malariol 7 :267.
-
18
World Health Organization, 1963. Terminology of Malaria and of Malaria Eradication. Monograph Series No. 13. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
19
DeMaeyer EM, 1989. Preventing and Controlling Iron Deficiency Anemia through Primary Health Care: A Guide for Health Administrators and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
20
Snounou G, Zhu X, Siripoon N, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, Viriyakosol S, 1999. Biased distribution of msp 1 and msp 2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :369–374.
-
21
Collins RY, Dash BK, Agarwala RA, Dhal KB, 1986. An adaptation of gel diffusion technique for identifying the source of mosquito blood meals. Indian J Malariol 23 :81–89.
-
22
Burkot TR, Zavala F, Gwadz RW, Collins FH, Nussenzweig RS, Roberts DR, 1984. Identification of malaria-infected mosquitoes by a two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :227–231.
-
23
Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1963. A longitudinal survey of natural malaria infection in a group of west African adults. West Afr Med J 12 :141–173.
-
24
Trape JF, Rogier C, Konatz L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque BC, Legros F, Badji A, Ndiaye G, Ndiaye P, Brahimi V, Faye O, Druilhe P, Pereira da Silva L, 1994. The Dielmo project. A longitudinal study of natural malaria infection in a community living in a holoendemic area of Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :123–137.
-
25
Smith T, Beck HP, Kitua A, Mwankusye S, Felger I, Fraser-Hurt N, Irion A, Alonso P, Teuscher T, Tanner M, 1999. Epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. 4. Age dependence of the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections and of other malariological indices in area of high endemicity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :S1/15– S1/20.
-
26
Baird JK, 1995. Host age as a determinant of naturally acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum.Parasitol Today 11 :105–111.
-
27
Theander TG, 1998. Unstable malaria in Sudan: the influence of the dry season. Malaria in areas of unstable and seasonal transmission. Lessons from Daraweesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :589–592.
-
28
Chattopadhyay R, Sharma A, Srivastava VK, Pati SS, Sharma SK, Das BS, Chitnis CE, 2003. Plasmodium falciparum infection elicits both variant-specific and cross-reactive antibodies against variant surface antigens. Infect Immun 71 :597–604.
-
29
Ghosh SK, Yadav RS, Das BS, Sharma VP, 1995. Influence of nutritional and haemoglobin status on malaria infection in children. Indian J Pediatr 62 :321–326.
-
30
Das BS, Thurnham DI, Das DB, 1997. Influence of malaria on markers of iron status in children: implications for interpreting iron status in malaria-endemic communities. Br J Nutr 78 :751–760.
-
31
Das BS, Nanda NK, Rath PK, Satpathy RN, Das DB, 1999. Anaemia in acute, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children from Orissa state, India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :109–118.
-
32
Kitua AY, Smith T, Alonso PL, Masanja H, Menendez C, Urassa H, Kimario J, Tanner M, 1996. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in first year of life in an area of intense and perennial transmission. Trop Med Int Health 1 :475–484.
-
33
Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Vounatsou P, Font F, Aponte J, Acosta CJ, Schellenberg D, Galindo CM, Kimario J, Masanja H, Urassa H, Fumado V, Brabin B, Smith T, Kitua AY, Tanner M, Alonso PL, 1997. Randomised placebo controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemopro-phylaxis for the prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants. Lancet 350 :844–850.
-
34
Imbert P, Sartelet I, Rogier C, Ka S, Baujat G, Candito D, 1997. Severe malaria among children in low seasonal transmission area, Dakar, Senegal: influence of age on clinical presentation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :22–24.
-
35
Hay SI, Roger DJ, Toomer JF, Snow RW, 2000. Annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (EIR) across Africa: literature survey, internet access and review. Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :113–127.
-
36
Konate L, Zwetyenga J, Rogier C, Bishoff E, Fontenille D, Tall A, Spiegel A, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1999. Variation of Plasmodium falciparum msp 1 block 2 and msp 2 allelic prevalence and of infection complexity in two neighbouring Senegalese villages with different transmission conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :S1/21–S1/28.
-
37
Bendixen M, Msangeni HA, Pedersen BV, Shayo D, Bodker R, 2001. Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and complexity of infections in relation to transmission intensity and host age: a study from the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med hyg 95 :143–148.
-
38
Prusty SKR, Das BS, 2001. Low incidence of the severe complications of malaria and absence of malaria-specific mortality, in Tensa, Sundergarh district, Orissa state, India, an area hyper-endemic for malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :133–140.
-
39
Maitland K, Williams TN, Peto TEA, Day KP, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, Bowden DK, 1997. Absence of malaria-specific mortality in an area of hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :562–566.
-
40
Mishra SK, Mohanty S, Das BS, 2002. The influence of health care facilities on malaria mortality in and around Rourkela, India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :835–837.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 457 | 263 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 1588 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 836 | 4 | 0 |