• 1

    Orlandi PA, Chu D-MT, Bier JW, Jackson GJ, 2002. Parasites and the food supply. Food Technol 56 :72–81.

  • 2

    Herwaldt BL, Ackers M-L, and the Cyclospora Working Group, 1997. An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. N Engl J Med 336 :1548–1556.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3

    Ortega YR, Roxas C, Gilman RH, Miller NJ, Cabrera L, Taquiri C, Sterling CR, 1997. Isolation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from vegetables collected in markets of an endemic region in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :683–686.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4

    Sherchand JB, Cross JH, Jimba M, Sherchand S, Shrestha MP, 1999. Study of Cyclospora cayetanensis in health care facilities, sewage water, and green leafy vegetables in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30 :58–63.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5

    Herwaldt BL, 2000. Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis 31 :1040–1057.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6

    Schneider A, 1881. Sur les psorospermies oviformes ou coccidies, espèces nouvelles ou peu connues. Arch Zool Exp Gen 9 :387–404.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7

    Lindsay DS, Todd KSJ, 1993. Coccidia of mammals. Kreier JP, ed. Parasitic Protozoa. San Diego: Academic Press, 89–131.

  • 8

    Pellerdy LP, 1965. Coccidia and Coccidiosis. Second edition. Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey.

  • 9

    Ford PL, Duszynski DW, 1988. Coccidian parasites (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from insectivores. VI. Six new species from the eastern mole, Scalopus aquaticus. J Protozol 35 :223–226.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10

    Ford PL, Duszynski DW, McAllister CT, 1990. Coccidia (apicomplexa) from heteromyid rodents in the southwestern United States, Baja California, and northern Mexico with three new species from Chaetodipus hispidus. J Parasitol 76 :325–331.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11

    Ashford RW, 1979. An undescribed coccidian in man in Papua New Guinea. Am. Trop. Med Parasitol 73 :497–500.

  • 12

    Ashford RW, Warhurst DC, Reid GD, 1993. Human infection with Cyanbacterium-like bodies (letter). Lancet 341 :1034.

  • 13

    Ortega YR, Sterling CR, Gilman RH, Cama VA, Diaz F, 1993. Cyclospora speciesa new protozoan pathogen of humans. N Engl J Med 328 :1308–1312.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14

    Relman DA, Schmidt TM, Gajadhar A, Sogin M, Cross J, Yoder K, Sethabutr O, Echeverria P, 1996. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cyclospora, the human intestinal pathogen, suggests that it is closely related to Eimeria species. J Infect Dis 173 :440–445.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15

    Allen PC, Fetterer RH, 2002. Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infections with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 :58–65.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 16

    Shields JM, Olson BH, 2003. Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review of an emerging parasitic coccidian. Int J Parasitol 33 :371–391.

  • 17

    Eberhard ML, Nace EK, Freeman AR, 1999. Survey for Cyclospora cayetanensis in domestic animals in an endemic area in Haiti. J Parasitol 85 :562–563.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18

    Ortega YR, Roxas C, Gilman R, Miller N, Cabera L, Taquiri C, Sterling C, 1997. Isolation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from vegetables collected in markets of an endemic region of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :683–686.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19

    Hoge CW, Shlim DR, Rajah R, Triplett J, Shear M, Rabold JG, Echeverria P, 1993. Epidemiology of diarrhoeal illness associated with coccidian-like organism among travelers and foreign residents in Nepal. Lancet 341 :1175–1179.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20

    Eberhard ML, Ortega YR, Hanes DE, Nace EK, Do RQ, Robl MG, Won KY, Gavidia C, Sass NL, Mansfield K, Gozalo A, Griffiths J, Gilman R, Sterling CR, Arrowood MJ, 2000. Attempts to establish experimental Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in laboratory animals. J Parasitol 86 :577–582.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21

    Garcia-Lopez HL, Rodriguez-Tovar LE, Medina-DelaGarza CE, 1996. Identification of Cyclospora in poultry. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :356–357.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22

    Smith HV, Paton CA, Girdwood RW, Mitambo MM, 1996. Cyclospora in non-human primates in Gombe, Tanzania (letter). Vet Rec 138 :528.

  • 23

    Yai LE, Bauab AR, Hirshfeld MP, de Oliveira ML, Damaceno JY, 1997. The first two cases of Cyclospora in dogs, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 39 :177–179.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24

    Eberhard ML, Njenga MN, daSilva AJ, Owino D, Nace EK, Won KY, Mwenda JM, 2001. A survey for Cyclospora spp. in Kenyan primates, with some notes on its biology. J Parasitol 87 :1394–1397.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25

    Lopez FA, Manglicmot J, Schmidt TM, Yeh C, Smith V, Relman DA, 1999. Molecular characterization of Cyclospora-like organisms in baboons. J Infect Dis 179 :670–676.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26

    Eberhard ML, da Silva AJ, Lilley BG, Pieniazek NJ, 1999. Morphologic and molecular characterization of new Cyclospora species from Ethiopian monkeys: C. cercopetheci sp.m., C. colobi sp.n., and C. papionis sp.n. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :651–658.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27

    Sherchand JB, Cross JH, 2001. Emerging pathogen Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32 :143–150.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28

    Orlandi PA, Lampel KA, 2000. Extraction-free, filter-based template preparation for rapid and sensitive PCR detection of pathogenic parasitic protozoa. J Clin Microbiol 38 :2271–2277.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29

    Orlandi PA, Carter L, Brinker AM, daSilva AJ, Chu D-MT, Lampel KA, Monday SR, 2003. Targeting single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 18S rRNA gene to differentiate Cyclospora species from Eimeria species by multiplex PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 :4806–4813.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30

    Jinneman KC, Wetherington JH, Hill WE, Adams AM, Johnson JM, Tenge BJ, Dang N-L, Manger RL, Wekell MM, 1998. Template preparation for PCR and RFLP of amplification products for the detection and identification of Cyclospora sp. and Eimeria spp. oocysts directly from raspberries. J Food Prot 61 :1497–1503.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31

    Lopez AS, Dodson DR, Arrowood MJ, Orlandi PA, da Silva AJ, Bier JW, Hanauer SD, Kuster RL, Oltman S, Baldwin MS, Won KY, Nace EK, Eberhard ML, Herwaldt BL, 2001. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with basil in Missouri in 1999. Clin Infect Dis 32 :1010–1017.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32

    Ho AY, Lopez AS, Eberhard ML, Levenson R, Finkel BS, da Silva AJ, Roberts JM, Orlandi PA, Johnson CC, Herwaldt BL, 2002. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :783–788.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33

    Pieniazek NJ, Herwaldt BL, 1997. Reevaluating the molecular taxonomy: is human-associated Cyclospora a mammalian Eimeria species? Emerg Infect Dis 3 :381–383.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 34

    Carollo MCC, Neto VA, Braz LMA, Kim DW, 2001. Detection of Cyclospora sp oocysts in the feces of stray dogs in greater São Paulo (São Paulo State, Brazil). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 34 :597–598.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 35

    Rose ME, 1985. The Eimeria.Curr Top Microbiol Iimmunol 120 :7–17.

  • 36

    Bern C, Hernandez B, Lopez MB, Arrowood MJ, de Mejia MA, de Mejia AM, Hightower AW, Venczel L, Herwaldt BL, Klein RE, 1999. Epidemiologic studies of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Guatemala. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :766–774.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37

    Ortega YR, Nagle R, Gilman RH, Watannabe J, Miyagui J, Quispe H, Hanagusuku P, Roxas C, Sterling CR, 1997. Pathogenic and clinical findings in patients with cyclosporiasis and a description of intracellular parasite life-cycle stages. J Infect Dis 176 :1584–1589.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 38

    Ball SJ, Pittilo RM, Long PL, 1989. Intestinal and extraintestinal life cycles of Eimeriid coccidian. Adv Parasitol 28 :1–54.

  • 39

    Sterling CR, Ortega YR, 1999. Cyclospora: an enigma worth unraveling. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :48–53.

Past two years Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 11 11 11
Full Text Views 346 168 4
PDF Downloads 79 36 3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

DETECTION OF CYCLOSPORA CAYETANENSIS IN ANIMAL FECAL ISOLATES FROM NEPAL USING AN FTA FILTER-BASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION METHOD

DAN-MY T. CHUDivision of Microbiological Studies, and Division of Virulence Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland; Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Department of Microbiology-Parasitology/Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal; Uniformed Services University of Health Science, Bethesda, Maryland

Search for other papers by DAN-MY T. CHU in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
JEEVAN B. SHERCHANDDivision of Microbiological Studies, and Division of Virulence Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland; Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Department of Microbiology-Parasitology/Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal; Uniformed Services University of Health Science, Bethesda, Maryland

Search for other papers by JEEVAN B. SHERCHAND in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
JOHN H. CROSSDivision of Microbiological Studies, and Division of Virulence Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland; Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Department of Microbiology-Parasitology/Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal; Uniformed Services University of Health Science, Bethesda, Maryland

Search for other papers by JOHN H. CROSS in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
PALMER A. ORLANDIDivision of Microbiological Studies, and Division of Virulence Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland; Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Department of Microbiology-Parasitology/Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal; Uniformed Services University of Health Science, Bethesda, Maryland

Search for other papers by PALMER A. ORLANDI in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
View More View Less
Restricted access

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an emerging protozoan parasite capable of causing a protracted diarrheal illness in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Ingestion of fresh produce and water sources contaminated with mature sporulated oocysts results in acquisition of cyclosporiasis. Currently, no animal model exists for the study of this pathogenic parasite and the only confirmed reservoir host for C. cayetanensis in nature is humans. Previously, Cyclospora-like oocysts had been detected by microscopy in several animals including non-human primates. However, their phylogenetic relationship to C. cayetanensis remained uncertain due to the limited availability of molecular techniques to differentiate and speciate these isolates. In the present study, we examined a series of fecal isolates obtained from dogs, chickens, and monkeys collected between May and September 2002 from several geographic regions of Nepal. All samples were examined by microscopy and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of C. cayetanensis. Both microscopic and conventional PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis demonstrated the presence of Cyclospora sp. in the fecal samples of two dogs, one chicken, and one monkey. Application of a species-specific multiplex PCR assay confirmed the presence of both Eimeria sp. and C. cayetanensis in the positive chicken sample and only C. cayetanensis in the dog and monkey samples. However, in the absence of tissue analysis, the assignment of these animals as a natural reservoir host for C. cayetanensis remains to be determined.

Save