Fine PE, 1988. Implications of genetics for the epidemiology and control of leprosy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 321 :365–376.
Chakravartti MR, Vogel F, 1973. A twin study on leprosy. Top Hum Genet 1 :1–123.
Fitness J, Tosh K, Hill AV, 2002. Genetics of susceptibility to leprosy. Genes Immun 3 :441–453.
Tosh K, Meisner S, Siddiqui MR, Balakrishnan K, Ghei S, Golding M, Sengupta U, Pitchappan RM, Hill AV, 2002. A region of chromosome 20 is linked to leprosy susceptibility in a south Indian population. J Infect Dis 186 :1190–1193.
Todd JR, West BC, McDonald JC, 1990. Human leukocyte antigen and leprosy: study in northern Louisiana and review. Rev Infect Dis 12 :63–74.
Shaw MA, Donaldson IJ, Collins A, Peacock CS, Lins-Lainson Z, Shaw JJ, Ramos F, Silveira F, Blackwell JM, 2001. Association and linkage of leprosy phenotypes with HLA class II and tumour necrosis factor genes. Genes Immun 2 :196–204.
Siddiqui MR, Meisner S, Tosh K, Balakrishnan K, Ghei S, Fisher SE, Golding M, Shanker Narayan NP, Sitaraman T, Sengupta U, Pitchappan R, Hill AV, 2001. A major susceptibility locus for leprosy in India maps to chromosome 10p13. Nat Genet 27 :439–441.
Mira MT, Alcais A, van Thuc N, Thai VH, Huong NT, Ba NN, Verner A, Hudson TJ, Abel L, Schurr E, 2003. Chromosome 6q25 is linked to susceptibility to leprosy in a Vietnamese population. Nat Genet 33 :412–415.
Santos AR, Suffys PN, Vanderborght PR, Moraes MO, Vieira LM, Cabello PH, Bakker AM, Matos HJ, Huizinga TW, Ottenhoff TH, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN, 2002. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 promoter gene polymorphisms in leprosy. J Infect Dis 186 :1687–1691.
Fitness J, Floyd S, Warndorff DK, Sichali L, Malema S, Crampin AC, Fine PEM, Hill AVS, 2004. Large-scale candidate gene study of tuberculosis susceptibility in the Karonga district of northern Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 : (in press).
Fernandez-Reyes D, Craig AG, Kyes SA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Berendt AR, Marsh K, Newbold CI, 1997. A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya. Hum Mol Genet 6 :1357–1360.
Shin HD, Winkler C, Stephens JC, Bream J, Young H, Goedert JJ, O’Brien TR, Vlahov D, Buchbinder S, Giorgi J, Rinaldo C, Donfield S, Willoughby A, O’Brien SJ, Smith MW, 2000. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 pathogenesis to AIDS by promoter alleles of IL10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 :14467–14472.
Lorenz E, Mira JP, Cornish KL, Arbour NC, Schwartz DA, 2000. A novel polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with staphylococcal infection. Infect Immun 68 :6398–6401.
Ponnighaus JM, Fine PE, Sterne JA, Bliss L, Wilson RJ, Malema SS, Kileta S, 1994. Incidence rates of leprosy in Karonga District, northern Malawi: patterns by age, sex, BCG status and classification. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 62 :10–23.
Ponninghaus JM, Fine PE, Bliss L, Sliney IJ, Bradley DJ, Rees RJ, 1987. The Lepra Evaluation Project (LEP), an epidemiological study of leprosy in northern Malawi. I. Methods. Lepr Rev 58 :359–375.
Ponnighaus JM, Fine PE, Bliss L, 1987. Certainty levels in the diagnosis of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 55 :454–462.
Ponnighaus JM, Mwanjasi LJ, Fine PE, Shaw MA, Turner AC, Oxborrow SM, Lucas SB, Jenkins PA, Sterne JA, Bliss L, 1991. Is HIV infection a risk factor for leprosy? Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 59 :221–228.
van Heel DA, McGovern DP, Cardon LR, Dechairo BM, Lench NJ, Carey AH, Jewell DP, 2002. Fine mapping of the IBD1 locus did not identify Crohn disease-associated NOD2 variants: implications for complex disease genetics. Am J Med Genet 111 :253–259.
Pravica V, Perrey C, Stevens A, Lee JH, Hutchinson IV, 2000. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron of the human IFN-gamma gene: absolute correlation with a polymorphic CA microsatellite marker of high IFN-gamma production. Hum Immunol 61 :863–866.
Jongeneel CV, Briant L, Udalova IA, Sevin A, Nedospasov SA, Cambon-Thomsen A, 1991. Extensive genetic polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor region and relation to extended HLA haplotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 :9717–9721.
Al-Sharif FM, Makki RF, Ollier WE, Hajeer AH, 1999. A new microsatellite marker within the promoter region of the MIP-1A gene. Immunogenetics 49 :740–741.
Kang TJ, Chae GT, 2001. Detection of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mutation in the lepromatous leprosy patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 31 :53–58.
Day DJ, Speiser PW, White PC, Barany F, 1995. Detection of steroid 21-hydroxylase alleles using gene-specific PCR and a multiplexed ligation detection reaction. Genomics 29 :152–162.
Rogers L, 1921. Chaulmoogra oil in leprosy and tuberculosis. Lancet 1 :1178–1180.
Roy S, Frodsham A, Saha B, Hazra SK, Mascie-Taylor CG, Hill AV, 1999. Association of vitamin D receptor genotype with leprosy type. J Infect Dis 179 :187–191.
Verbeek W, Gombart AF, Shiohara M, Campbell M, Koeffler HP, 1997. Vitamin D receptor: no evidence for allele-specific mRNA stability in cells which are heterozygous for the Taq I restriction enzyme polymorphism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238 :77–80.
Mocharla H, Butch AW, Pappas AA, Flick JT, Weinstein RS, De Togni P, Jilka RL, Roberson PK, Parfitt AM, Manolagas SC, 1997. Quantification of vitamin D receptor mRNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction in PBMC: lack of correspondence with common allelic variants. J Bone Miner Res 12 :726–733.
Schlesinger LS, Horwitz MA, 1990. Phagocytosis of leprosy bacilli is mediated by complement receptors CR1 and CR3 on human monocytes and complement component C3 in serum. J Clin Invest 85 :1304–1314.
Hirsch CS, Ellner JJ, Russell DG, Rich EA, 1994. Complement receptor-mediated uptake and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human alveolar macrophages. J Immunol 152 :743–753.
Moulds JM, Zimmerman PA, Doumbo OK, Kassambara L, Sagara I, Diallo DA, Atkinson JP, Krych-Goldberg M, Hauhart RE, Hourcade DE, McNamara DT, Birmingham DJ, Rowe JA, Moulds JJ, Miller LH, 2001. Molecular identification of Knops blood group polymorphisms found in long homologous region D of complement receptor 1. Blood 97 :2879–2885.
Xiang L, Rundles JR, Hamilton DR, Wilson JG, 1999. Quantitative alleles of CR1: coding sequence analysis and comparison of haplotypes in two ethnic groups. J Immunol 163 :4939–4945.
Zimmerman PA, Fitness J, Moulds JM, McNamara DT, Kasehagen LJ, Rowe JA, Hill AV, 2003. CR1 Knops blood group alleles are not associated with severe malaria in the Gambia. Genes Immun 4 :368–373.
Knight JC, Udalova I, Hill AV, Greenwood BM, Peshu N, Marsh K, Kwiatkowski D, 1999. A polymorphism that affects OCT-1 binding to the TNF promoter region is associated with severe malaria. Nat Genet 22 :145–150.
Cabrera M, Shaw MA, Sharples C, Williams H, Castes M, Convit J, Blackwell JM, 1995. Polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor genes associated with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 182 :1259–1264.
Sashio H, Tamura K, Ito R, Yamamoto Y, Bamba H, Kosaka T, Fukui S, Sawada K, Fukuda Y, Satomi M, Shimoyama T, Furuyama J, 2002. Polymorphisms of the TNF gene and the TNF receptor superfamily member 1B gene are associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, respectively. Immunogenetics 53 :1020–1027.
Santos AR, Almeida AS, Suffys PN, Moraes MO, Filho VF, Mattos HJ, Nery JA, Cabello PH, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN, 2000. Tumor necrosis factor promoter polymorphism (TNF2) seems to protect against development of severe forms of leprosy in a pilot study in Brazilian patients. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 68 :325–327.
Moraes MO, Duppre NC, Suffys PN, Santos AR, Almeida AS, Nery JA, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN, 2001. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism TNF2 is associated with a stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the skin of borderline tuberculoid leprosy patients. Immunogenetics 53 :45 −47.
Roy S, McGuire W, Mascie-Taylor CG, Saha B, Hazra SK, Hill AV, Kwiatkowski D, 1997. Tumor necrosis factor promoter polymorphism and susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy. J Infect Dis 176 :530–532.
Bayley JP, de Rooij H, van den Elsen PJ, Huizinga TW, Verweij CL, 2001. Functional analysis of linker-scan mutants spanning the −376, −308, −244, and −238 polymorphic sites of the TNF-alpha promoter. Cytokine 14 :316–323.
Udalova IA, Richardson A, Denys A, Smith C, Ackerman H, Foxwell B, Kwiatkowski D, 2000. Functional consequences of a polymorphism affecting NF-kappaB p50-p50 binding to the TNF promoter region. Mol Cell Biol 20 :9113–9119.
Gibson AW, Edberg JC, Wu J, Westendorp RG, Huizinga TW, Kimberly RP, 2001. Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the distal IL-10 promoter affect IL-10 production and enhance the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 166 :3915–3922.
Rees LE, Wood NA, Gillespie KM, Lai KN, Gaston K, Mathieson PW, 2002. The interleukin-10-1082 G/A polymorphism: allele frequency in different populations and functional significance. Cell Mol Life Sci 59 :560–569.
Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Sieling PA, Uematsu S, Ng YW, Legaspi A, Liu PT, Cole ST, Godowski PJ, Maeda Y, Sarno EN, Norgard MV, Brennan PJ, Akira S, Rea TH, Modlin RL, 2003. Activation and regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 in human leprosy. Nat Med 9 :525–532.
Means TK, Wang S, Lien E, Yoshimura A, Golenbock DT, Fenton MJ, 1999. Human toll-like receptors mediate cellular activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 163 :3920–3927.
Arbour NC, Lorenz E, Schutte BC, Zabner J, Kline JN, Jones M, Frees K, Watt JL, Schwartz DA, 2000. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans. Nat Genet 25 :187–191.
Lorenz E, Mira JP, Frees KL, Schwartz DA, 2002. Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with gram-negative septic shock. Arch Intern Med 162 :1028–1032.
Garred P, Madsen HO, Kurtzhals JA, Lamm LU, Thiel S, Hey AS, Svejgaard A, 1992. Diallelic polymorphism may explain variations of the blood concentration of mannan-binding protein in Eskimos, but not in black Africans. Eur J Immunogenet 19 :403–412.
Garred P, Harboe M, Oettinger T, Koch C, Svejgaard A, 1994. Dual role of mannan-binding protein in infections: another case of heterosis? Eur J Immunogenet 21 :125–131.
Lio D, Marino V, Serauto A, Gioia V, Scola L, Crivello A, Forte GI, Colonna-Romano G, Candore G, Caruso C, 2002. Genotype frequencies of the +874T→A single nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron of the interferon-gamma gene in a sample of Sicilian patients affected by tuberculosis. Eur J Immunogenet 29 :371–374.
Rossouw M, Nel HJ, Cooke GS, van Helden PD, Hoal EG, 2003. Association between tuberculosis and a polymorphic NFkappaB binding site in the interferon gamma gene. Lancet 361 :1871–1872.
Abel L, Sanchez FO, Oberti J, Thuc NV, Hoa LV, Lap VD, Skamene E, Lagrange PH, Schurr E, 1998. Susceptibility to leprosy is linked to the human NRAMP1 gene. J Infect Dis 177 :133–145.
Shaw MA, Atkinson S, Dockrell H, Hussain R, Lins-Lainson Z, Shaw J, Ramos F, Silveira F, Mehdi SQ, Kaukab F, 1993. An RFLP map for 2q33–q37 from multicase mycobacterial and leishmanial disease families: no evidence for an Lsh/Ity/Bcg gene homologue influencing susceptibility to leprosy. Ann Hum Genet 57 :251–271.
Meisner SJ, Mucklow S, Warner G, Sow SO, Lienhardt C, Hill AV, 2001. Association of NRAMP1 polymorphism with leprosy type but not susceptibility to leprosy per se in west Africans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :733–735.
Medina E, Rogerson BJ, North RJ, 1996. The Nramp1 antimicrobial resistance gene segregates independently of resistance to virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Immunology 88 :479–481.
Alcais A, Sanchez FO, Thuc NV, Lap VD, Oberti J, Lagrange PH, Schurr E, Abel L, 2000. Granulomatous reaction to intra-dermal injection of lepromin (Mitsuda reaction) is linked to the human NRAMP1 gene in Vietnamese leprosy sibships. J Infect Dis 181 :302–308.
Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Whittle HC, Hill AV, 1998. Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in west Africans. N Engl J Med 338 :640–644.
Wallace C, Clayton D, Fine P, 2003. Estimating the relative recurrence risk ratio for leprosy in Karonga District, Malawi. Lepr Rev 74 :133–140.
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We present a large case-control candidate gene study of leprosy susceptibility. Thirty-eight polymorphic sites from 13 genes were investigated for their role in susceptibility to leprosy by comparing 270 cases with 452 controls in Karonga district, northern Malawi. Homozygotes for a silent T→C change in codon 352 of the vitamin D receptor gene appeared to be at high risk (odds ratio [OR] = 4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6–11.4, P = 0.004), while homozygotes for the McCoy b blood group defining variant K1590E in exon 29 of the complement receptor 1 (formerly CD35) gene appeared to be protected (OR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1–0.8, P = 0.02). Borderline evidence for association with leprosy susceptibility was found for seven polymorphic sites in an additional six genes. Some of these apparent associations may be false-positive results from multiple comparisons, and several associations suggested by studies in other populations were not replicated here. These data provide evidence of inter-population heterogeneity in leprosy susceptibility.
Fine PE, 1988. Implications of genetics for the epidemiology and control of leprosy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 321 :365–376.
Chakravartti MR, Vogel F, 1973. A twin study on leprosy. Top Hum Genet 1 :1–123.
Fitness J, Tosh K, Hill AV, 2002. Genetics of susceptibility to leprosy. Genes Immun 3 :441–453.
Tosh K, Meisner S, Siddiqui MR, Balakrishnan K, Ghei S, Golding M, Sengupta U, Pitchappan RM, Hill AV, 2002. A region of chromosome 20 is linked to leprosy susceptibility in a south Indian population. J Infect Dis 186 :1190–1193.
Todd JR, West BC, McDonald JC, 1990. Human leukocyte antigen and leprosy: study in northern Louisiana and review. Rev Infect Dis 12 :63–74.
Shaw MA, Donaldson IJ, Collins A, Peacock CS, Lins-Lainson Z, Shaw JJ, Ramos F, Silveira F, Blackwell JM, 2001. Association and linkage of leprosy phenotypes with HLA class II and tumour necrosis factor genes. Genes Immun 2 :196–204.
Siddiqui MR, Meisner S, Tosh K, Balakrishnan K, Ghei S, Fisher SE, Golding M, Shanker Narayan NP, Sitaraman T, Sengupta U, Pitchappan R, Hill AV, 2001. A major susceptibility locus for leprosy in India maps to chromosome 10p13. Nat Genet 27 :439–441.
Mira MT, Alcais A, van Thuc N, Thai VH, Huong NT, Ba NN, Verner A, Hudson TJ, Abel L, Schurr E, 2003. Chromosome 6q25 is linked to susceptibility to leprosy in a Vietnamese population. Nat Genet 33 :412–415.
Santos AR, Suffys PN, Vanderborght PR, Moraes MO, Vieira LM, Cabello PH, Bakker AM, Matos HJ, Huizinga TW, Ottenhoff TH, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN, 2002. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 promoter gene polymorphisms in leprosy. J Infect Dis 186 :1687–1691.
Fitness J, Floyd S, Warndorff DK, Sichali L, Malema S, Crampin AC, Fine PEM, Hill AVS, 2004. Large-scale candidate gene study of tuberculosis susceptibility in the Karonga district of northern Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 : (in press).
Fernandez-Reyes D, Craig AG, Kyes SA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Berendt AR, Marsh K, Newbold CI, 1997. A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya. Hum Mol Genet 6 :1357–1360.
Shin HD, Winkler C, Stephens JC, Bream J, Young H, Goedert JJ, O’Brien TR, Vlahov D, Buchbinder S, Giorgi J, Rinaldo C, Donfield S, Willoughby A, O’Brien SJ, Smith MW, 2000. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 pathogenesis to AIDS by promoter alleles of IL10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 :14467–14472.
Lorenz E, Mira JP, Cornish KL, Arbour NC, Schwartz DA, 2000. A novel polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with staphylococcal infection. Infect Immun 68 :6398–6401.
Ponnighaus JM, Fine PE, Sterne JA, Bliss L, Wilson RJ, Malema SS, Kileta S, 1994. Incidence rates of leprosy in Karonga District, northern Malawi: patterns by age, sex, BCG status and classification. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 62 :10–23.
Ponninghaus JM, Fine PE, Bliss L, Sliney IJ, Bradley DJ, Rees RJ, 1987. The Lepra Evaluation Project (LEP), an epidemiological study of leprosy in northern Malawi. I. Methods. Lepr Rev 58 :359–375.
Ponnighaus JM, Fine PE, Bliss L, 1987. Certainty levels in the diagnosis of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 55 :454–462.
Ponnighaus JM, Mwanjasi LJ, Fine PE, Shaw MA, Turner AC, Oxborrow SM, Lucas SB, Jenkins PA, Sterne JA, Bliss L, 1991. Is HIV infection a risk factor for leprosy? Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 59 :221–228.
van Heel DA, McGovern DP, Cardon LR, Dechairo BM, Lench NJ, Carey AH, Jewell DP, 2002. Fine mapping of the IBD1 locus did not identify Crohn disease-associated NOD2 variants: implications for complex disease genetics. Am J Med Genet 111 :253–259.
Pravica V, Perrey C, Stevens A, Lee JH, Hutchinson IV, 2000. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron of the human IFN-gamma gene: absolute correlation with a polymorphic CA microsatellite marker of high IFN-gamma production. Hum Immunol 61 :863–866.
Jongeneel CV, Briant L, Udalova IA, Sevin A, Nedospasov SA, Cambon-Thomsen A, 1991. Extensive genetic polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor region and relation to extended HLA haplotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 :9717–9721.
Al-Sharif FM, Makki RF, Ollier WE, Hajeer AH, 1999. A new microsatellite marker within the promoter region of the MIP-1A gene. Immunogenetics 49 :740–741.
Kang TJ, Chae GT, 2001. Detection of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mutation in the lepromatous leprosy patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 31 :53–58.
Day DJ, Speiser PW, White PC, Barany F, 1995. Detection of steroid 21-hydroxylase alleles using gene-specific PCR and a multiplexed ligation detection reaction. Genomics 29 :152–162.
Rogers L, 1921. Chaulmoogra oil in leprosy and tuberculosis. Lancet 1 :1178–1180.
Roy S, Frodsham A, Saha B, Hazra SK, Mascie-Taylor CG, Hill AV, 1999. Association of vitamin D receptor genotype with leprosy type. J Infect Dis 179 :187–191.
Verbeek W, Gombart AF, Shiohara M, Campbell M, Koeffler HP, 1997. Vitamin D receptor: no evidence for allele-specific mRNA stability in cells which are heterozygous for the Taq I restriction enzyme polymorphism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238 :77–80.
Mocharla H, Butch AW, Pappas AA, Flick JT, Weinstein RS, De Togni P, Jilka RL, Roberson PK, Parfitt AM, Manolagas SC, 1997. Quantification of vitamin D receptor mRNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction in PBMC: lack of correspondence with common allelic variants. J Bone Miner Res 12 :726–733.
Schlesinger LS, Horwitz MA, 1990. Phagocytosis of leprosy bacilli is mediated by complement receptors CR1 and CR3 on human monocytes and complement component C3 in serum. J Clin Invest 85 :1304–1314.
Hirsch CS, Ellner JJ, Russell DG, Rich EA, 1994. Complement receptor-mediated uptake and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human alveolar macrophages. J Immunol 152 :743–753.
Moulds JM, Zimmerman PA, Doumbo OK, Kassambara L, Sagara I, Diallo DA, Atkinson JP, Krych-Goldberg M, Hauhart RE, Hourcade DE, McNamara DT, Birmingham DJ, Rowe JA, Moulds JJ, Miller LH, 2001. Molecular identification of Knops blood group polymorphisms found in long homologous region D of complement receptor 1. Blood 97 :2879–2885.
Xiang L, Rundles JR, Hamilton DR, Wilson JG, 1999. Quantitative alleles of CR1: coding sequence analysis and comparison of haplotypes in two ethnic groups. J Immunol 163 :4939–4945.
Zimmerman PA, Fitness J, Moulds JM, McNamara DT, Kasehagen LJ, Rowe JA, Hill AV, 2003. CR1 Knops blood group alleles are not associated with severe malaria in the Gambia. Genes Immun 4 :368–373.
Knight JC, Udalova I, Hill AV, Greenwood BM, Peshu N, Marsh K, Kwiatkowski D, 1999. A polymorphism that affects OCT-1 binding to the TNF promoter region is associated with severe malaria. Nat Genet 22 :145–150.
Cabrera M, Shaw MA, Sharples C, Williams H, Castes M, Convit J, Blackwell JM, 1995. Polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor genes associated with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 182 :1259–1264.
Sashio H, Tamura K, Ito R, Yamamoto Y, Bamba H, Kosaka T, Fukui S, Sawada K, Fukuda Y, Satomi M, Shimoyama T, Furuyama J, 2002. Polymorphisms of the TNF gene and the TNF receptor superfamily member 1B gene are associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, respectively. Immunogenetics 53 :1020–1027.
Santos AR, Almeida AS, Suffys PN, Moraes MO, Filho VF, Mattos HJ, Nery JA, Cabello PH, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN, 2000. Tumor necrosis factor promoter polymorphism (TNF2) seems to protect against development of severe forms of leprosy in a pilot study in Brazilian patients. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 68 :325–327.
Moraes MO, Duppre NC, Suffys PN, Santos AR, Almeida AS, Nery JA, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN, 2001. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism TNF2 is associated with a stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the skin of borderline tuberculoid leprosy patients. Immunogenetics 53 :45 −47.
Roy S, McGuire W, Mascie-Taylor CG, Saha B, Hazra SK, Hill AV, Kwiatkowski D, 1997. Tumor necrosis factor promoter polymorphism and susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy. J Infect Dis 176 :530–532.
Bayley JP, de Rooij H, van den Elsen PJ, Huizinga TW, Verweij CL, 2001. Functional analysis of linker-scan mutants spanning the −376, −308, −244, and −238 polymorphic sites of the TNF-alpha promoter. Cytokine 14 :316–323.
Udalova IA, Richardson A, Denys A, Smith C, Ackerman H, Foxwell B, Kwiatkowski D, 2000. Functional consequences of a polymorphism affecting NF-kappaB p50-p50 binding to the TNF promoter region. Mol Cell Biol 20 :9113–9119.
Gibson AW, Edberg JC, Wu J, Westendorp RG, Huizinga TW, Kimberly RP, 2001. Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the distal IL-10 promoter affect IL-10 production and enhance the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 166 :3915–3922.
Rees LE, Wood NA, Gillespie KM, Lai KN, Gaston K, Mathieson PW, 2002. The interleukin-10-1082 G/A polymorphism: allele frequency in different populations and functional significance. Cell Mol Life Sci 59 :560–569.
Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Sieling PA, Uematsu S, Ng YW, Legaspi A, Liu PT, Cole ST, Godowski PJ, Maeda Y, Sarno EN, Norgard MV, Brennan PJ, Akira S, Rea TH, Modlin RL, 2003. Activation and regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 in human leprosy. Nat Med 9 :525–532.
Means TK, Wang S, Lien E, Yoshimura A, Golenbock DT, Fenton MJ, 1999. Human toll-like receptors mediate cellular activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 163 :3920–3927.
Arbour NC, Lorenz E, Schutte BC, Zabner J, Kline JN, Jones M, Frees K, Watt JL, Schwartz DA, 2000. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans. Nat Genet 25 :187–191.
Lorenz E, Mira JP, Frees KL, Schwartz DA, 2002. Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with gram-negative septic shock. Arch Intern Med 162 :1028–1032.
Garred P, Madsen HO, Kurtzhals JA, Lamm LU, Thiel S, Hey AS, Svejgaard A, 1992. Diallelic polymorphism may explain variations of the blood concentration of mannan-binding protein in Eskimos, but not in black Africans. Eur J Immunogenet 19 :403–412.
Garred P, Harboe M, Oettinger T, Koch C, Svejgaard A, 1994. Dual role of mannan-binding protein in infections: another case of heterosis? Eur J Immunogenet 21 :125–131.
Lio D, Marino V, Serauto A, Gioia V, Scola L, Crivello A, Forte GI, Colonna-Romano G, Candore G, Caruso C, 2002. Genotype frequencies of the +874T→A single nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron of the interferon-gamma gene in a sample of Sicilian patients affected by tuberculosis. Eur J Immunogenet 29 :371–374.
Rossouw M, Nel HJ, Cooke GS, van Helden PD, Hoal EG, 2003. Association between tuberculosis and a polymorphic NFkappaB binding site in the interferon gamma gene. Lancet 361 :1871–1872.
Abel L, Sanchez FO, Oberti J, Thuc NV, Hoa LV, Lap VD, Skamene E, Lagrange PH, Schurr E, 1998. Susceptibility to leprosy is linked to the human NRAMP1 gene. J Infect Dis 177 :133–145.
Shaw MA, Atkinson S, Dockrell H, Hussain R, Lins-Lainson Z, Shaw J, Ramos F, Silveira F, Mehdi SQ, Kaukab F, 1993. An RFLP map for 2q33–q37 from multicase mycobacterial and leishmanial disease families: no evidence for an Lsh/Ity/Bcg gene homologue influencing susceptibility to leprosy. Ann Hum Genet 57 :251–271.
Meisner SJ, Mucklow S, Warner G, Sow SO, Lienhardt C, Hill AV, 2001. Association of NRAMP1 polymorphism with leprosy type but not susceptibility to leprosy per se in west Africans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :733–735.
Medina E, Rogerson BJ, North RJ, 1996. The Nramp1 antimicrobial resistance gene segregates independently of resistance to virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Immunology 88 :479–481.
Alcais A, Sanchez FO, Thuc NV, Lap VD, Oberti J, Lagrange PH, Schurr E, Abel L, 2000. Granulomatous reaction to intra-dermal injection of lepromin (Mitsuda reaction) is linked to the human NRAMP1 gene in Vietnamese leprosy sibships. J Infect Dis 181 :302–308.
Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Whittle HC, Hill AV, 1998. Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in west Africans. N Engl J Med 338 :640–644.
Wallace C, Clayton D, Fine P, 2003. Estimating the relative recurrence risk ratio for leprosy in Karonga District, Malawi. Lepr Rev 74 :133–140.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 298 | 266 | 7 |
Full Text Views | 311 | 4 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 89 | 4 | 0 |