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-
1
Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :495–500.
-
2
Hassan HK, Cupp EW, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Klingler K, Unnasch TR, 2003. Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :641–647.
-
3
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
4
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
-
5
Karstad L, 1961. Reptiles as possible reservoir hosts for eastern encephalitis virus. Trans 26th North Am Wildlife Conf 26 :186–202.
-
6
Hayes RO, Daniels JB, Maxfield HK, Wheeler RE, 1964. Field and laboratory studies on eastern encephalitis in warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13 :595–606.
-
7
Edman JD, 1979. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). VI. Culex (Melanoconion). J Med Entomol 15 :521–525.
-
8
Irby WS, Apperson CS, 1988. Hosts of mosquitoes in the coastal plain of North Carolina. J Med Entomol 25 :85–93.
-
9
Lee JH, Hassan H, Hill G, Cupp EW, Higazi TB, Mitchell CJ, Godsey MS, Unnasch TR, 2002. Identification of mosquito avian-derived blood meals by polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :599–604.
-
10
Mount RH, 1975. The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama. Agricultural Experiment Station Publication, Auburn University, AL. 347 pages.
-
11
Edman JD, Evans FDS, Williams JA, 1968. Development of a diurnal resting box to collect Culiseta melanura (Coquillett). Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :451–456.
-
12
Nasci RS, 1981. A lightweight battery-powered aspirator for collecting resting mosquitoes in the field. Mosq News 41 :808–811.
-
13
Armstrong P, Borovsky D, Shope RE, Morris CD, Mitchell CJ, Karabatsos N, Komar N, Spielman A, 1995. Sensitive and specific colorimetric dot assay to detect eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral RNA in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) after polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Med Entomol 32 :42–52.
-
14
Nasci R, Mitchell CJ, 1996. Arbovirus titer variation in field-collected mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :167–171.
-
15
Carpenter SJ, LaCasse WJ, 1955. Mosquitoes of North America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
-
16
Pecor JE, Mallampalli VL, Harbach RE, Peyton EL, 1992. Catalog and illustrated review of the subgenus Melanoconion of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst 27 :1–228.
-
17
Remington CL, 1945. The feeding habits of Uranotaenia lowii. Entomol News 56 :32–37.
-
18
Ernst CH, Barbour RW, 1989. Snakes of Eastern North America. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press.
-
19
Stamm DD, 1958. Studies on the ecology of equine encephalomyelitis. Am J Public Health 48 :328–335.
-
20
Cupp EW, Tennessen KJ, Oldland WK, Hassan HK, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997–2002 in a wetland in northeastern Mississippi. J Med Entomol 41 :495–501.
-
21
Breeland SG, Snow WE, Pickard E, 1961. Mosquitoes of the Tennessee Valley. Tenn Acad Sci 36 :249–319.
-
22
Shope RE, Homobono Paes de Andrade A, Bensabath G, Causey OR, Humphrey PS, 1966. The epidemiology of EEE, WEE, SLE, and Turlock viruses, with special reference to birds in a tropical rain forest near Belem, Brazil. Am J Epidemiol 84 :467–477.
-
23
Craighead JE, Shelokov A, Peralta PH, 1962. The lizard: a possible host for eastern equine encephalitis virus in Panama. Am J Hyg 76 :82–87.
-
24
Berezin VV, 1977. Characteristics of the ecology of the eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Republic of Cuba. Vopr Virusol 1 :62–70.
-
25
Christensen HA, de Vasquez AM, Boreham MM, 1996. Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from central Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :202–208.
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| Abstract Views | 718 | 623 | 227 |
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IDENTIFICATION OF REPTILIAN AND AMPHIBIAN BLOOD MEALS FROM MOSQUITOES IN AN EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS FOCUS IN CENTRAL ALABAMA
EDDIE W. CUPP
EDDIE W. CUPP
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, and Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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DUNHUA ZHANG
DUNHUA ZHANG
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, and Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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XIN YUE
XIN YUE
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, and Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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MARY S. CUPP
MARY S. CUPP
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, and Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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CRAIG GUYER
CRAIG GUYER
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, and Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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TONYA R. SPRENGER
TONYA R. SPRENGER
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, and Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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THOMAS R. UNNASCH
THOMAS R. UNNASCH
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, and Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Uranotaenia sapphirina, Culex erraticus, and Cx. peccator were collected in an enzootic eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus focus in central Alabama (Tuskegee National Forest) from 2001 to 2003 and analyzed for virus as well as host selection. EEE virus was detected in each species every year except 2003, when pools of Cx. peccator were negative. Most (97%) of the 130 Cx. peccator blood meals identified were from ectothermic hosts; 3% were from birds. Among blood meals from reptiles (approximately 75% of the total), 81% were from Agkistrodon piscivorus (cottonmouth); all amphibian blood meals (approximately 25%) were from Rana spp. with > 50% taken from the bullfrog R. catesbeiana. Host identifications were made from 131 of 197 Cx. erraticus, but only 3 (2%) were derived from ectothermic species. Identification of Ur. sapphirina blood meals proved difficult and only 2 of 35 hosts were determined. Both were from R. catesbeiana. Ectothermic species are possible EEE virus reservoirs in the southeastern United States where species such as Cx. peccator and Ur. sapphirina occur with large, diverse reptilian, amphibian, and avian populations such as those at the Tuskegee site.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR, 2003. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :495–500.
-
2
Hassan HK, Cupp EW, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Klingler K, Unnasch TR, 2003. Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :641–647.
-
3
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
4
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
-
5
Karstad L, 1961. Reptiles as possible reservoir hosts for eastern encephalitis virus. Trans 26th North Am Wildlife Conf 26 :186–202.
-
6
Hayes RO, Daniels JB, Maxfield HK, Wheeler RE, 1964. Field and laboratory studies on eastern encephalitis in warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13 :595–606.
-
7
Edman JD, 1979. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). VI. Culex (Melanoconion). J Med Entomol 15 :521–525.
-
8
Irby WS, Apperson CS, 1988. Hosts of mosquitoes in the coastal plain of North Carolina. J Med Entomol 25 :85–93.
-
9
Lee JH, Hassan H, Hill G, Cupp EW, Higazi TB, Mitchell CJ, Godsey MS, Unnasch TR, 2002. Identification of mosquito avian-derived blood meals by polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :599–604.
-
10
Mount RH, 1975. The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama. Agricultural Experiment Station Publication, Auburn University, AL. 347 pages.
-
11
Edman JD, Evans FDS, Williams JA, 1968. Development of a diurnal resting box to collect Culiseta melanura (Coquillett). Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :451–456.
-
12
Nasci RS, 1981. A lightweight battery-powered aspirator for collecting resting mosquitoes in the field. Mosq News 41 :808–811.
-
13
Armstrong P, Borovsky D, Shope RE, Morris CD, Mitchell CJ, Karabatsos N, Komar N, Spielman A, 1995. Sensitive and specific colorimetric dot assay to detect eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral RNA in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) after polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Med Entomol 32 :42–52.
-
14
Nasci R, Mitchell CJ, 1996. Arbovirus titer variation in field-collected mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12 :167–171.
-
15
Carpenter SJ, LaCasse WJ, 1955. Mosquitoes of North America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
-
16
Pecor JE, Mallampalli VL, Harbach RE, Peyton EL, 1992. Catalog and illustrated review of the subgenus Melanoconion of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst 27 :1–228.
-
17
Remington CL, 1945. The feeding habits of Uranotaenia lowii. Entomol News 56 :32–37.
-
18
Ernst CH, Barbour RW, 1989. Snakes of Eastern North America. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press.
-
19
Stamm DD, 1958. Studies on the ecology of equine encephalomyelitis. Am J Public Health 48 :328–335.
-
20
Cupp EW, Tennessen KJ, Oldland WK, Hassan HK, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2004. Mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997–2002 in a wetland in northeastern Mississippi. J Med Entomol 41 :495–501.
-
21
Breeland SG, Snow WE, Pickard E, 1961. Mosquitoes of the Tennessee Valley. Tenn Acad Sci 36 :249–319.
-
22
Shope RE, Homobono Paes de Andrade A, Bensabath G, Causey OR, Humphrey PS, 1966. The epidemiology of EEE, WEE, SLE, and Turlock viruses, with special reference to birds in a tropical rain forest near Belem, Brazil. Am J Epidemiol 84 :467–477.
-
23
Craighead JE, Shelokov A, Peralta PH, 1962. The lizard: a possible host for eastern equine encephalitis virus in Panama. Am J Hyg 76 :82–87.
-
24
Berezin VV, 1977. Characteristics of the ecology of the eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Republic of Cuba. Vopr Virusol 1 :62–70.
-
25
Christensen HA, de Vasquez AM, Boreham MM, 1996. Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from central Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :202–208.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 718 | 623 | 227 |
| Full Text Views | 375 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 93 | 8 | 0 |