ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Katavolos P, Armstrong PM, Dawson JE, Telford SR III, 1998. Duration of tick attachment required for transmission of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J Infect Dis 177 :1422–1425.
-
2
Spencer RR, Parker RR, 1923. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: infectivity of fasting and recently fed ticks. Public Health Rep 38 :333–339.
-
3
Piesman J, Mather TN, Sinsky RJ, Spielman A, 1987. Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission. J Clin Microbiol 25 :557–558.
-
4
Piesman J, Spielman A, 1980. Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island: prevalence of Babesia microti in ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29 :742–746.
-
5
Karakashian SJ, Rudzinska MA, Spielman A, Lewengrub S, Piesman J, Shoukrey N, 1983. Ultrastructural studies on sporogony of Babesia microti in salivary gland cells of the tick Ixodes dammini.Cell Tissue Res 231 :275–287.
-
6
Ribeiro JM, Mather TN, Piesman J, Spielman A, 1987. Dissemination and salivary delivery of Lyme disease spirochetes in vector ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 24 :201–205.
-
7
Ebel GD, Spielman A, Telford SR III, 2001. Phylogeny of North American Powassan virus. J Gen Virol 82 :1657–1665.
-
8
Ebel GD, Campbell E, Goethert HK, Spielman A, Telford SR, 2000. Enzootic transmission of deer tick virus in New England and Wisconsin sites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :36–42.
-
9
Ebel GD, Foppa I, Spielman A, Telford SR, 1999. A focus of deer tick virus transmission in the northcentral United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :570–574.
-
10
Telford SR III, Armstrong PM, Katavolos P, Foppa I, Garcia AS, Wilson ML, Spielman A, 1997. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini.Emerg Infect Dis 3 :165–170.
-
11
Lindsey HS, Calisher CH, Matthews JH, 1976. Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. J Clin Microbiol 4 :503–510.
-
12
Alekseev AN, Burenkova LA, Vasilieva IS, Dubinina HV, Chunikhin SP, 1996. Preliminary studies on virus and spirochete accumulation in the cement plug of ixodid ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 20 :713–723.
-
13
Chernesky MA, McLean DM, 1969. Localization of Powassan virus in Dermacentor andersoni ticks by immunofluorescence. Can J Microbiol 15 :1399–1408.
-
14
Artsob H, Spence L, Surgeoner G, McCreadie J, Thorsen J, Th’ng C, Lampotang V, 1984. Isolation of Francisella tularensis and Powassan virus from ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Ontario, Canada. J Med Entomol 21 :165–168.
-
15
Main AJ, Carey AB, Downs WG, 1979. Powassan virus in Ixodes cookei and Mustelidae in New England. J Wildl Dis 15 :585–591.
-
16
Artsob H, 1989. Powassan encephalitis. Monath T, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 29–49.
-
17
Costero A, Grayson MA, 1996. Experimental transmission of Powassan virus (Flaviviridae) by Ixodes scapularis ticks (Acari:Ixodidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :536–546.
-
18
Kuno G, Artsob H, Karabatsos N, Tsuchiya KR, Chang GJ, 2001. Genomic sequencing of deer tick virus and phylogeny of Powassan-related viruses of North America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :671–676.
-
19
Beasley DW, Suderman MT, Holbrook MR, Barrett AD, 2001. Nucleotide sequencing and serological evidence that the recently recognized deer tick virus is a genotype of Powassan virus. Virus Res 79 :81–89.
-
20
Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, O’Guinn ML, 2001. Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :1018–1022.
-
21
Armstrong PM, Rico-Hesse R, 2001. Differential susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to infection by the American and Southeast Asian genotypes of dengue type 2 virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1 :159–168.
-
22
Boromisa RD, Rai KS, Grimstad PR, 1987. Variation in the vector competence of geographic strains of Aedes albopictus for dengue 1 virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 3 :378–386.
-
23
Anonymous, 2001. Outbreak of Powassan encephalitis – Maine and Vermont, 1999–2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :761–764.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1454 | 986 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 934 | 32 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 451 | 38 | 8 |
SHORT REPORT: DURATION OF TICK ATTACHMENT REQUIRED FOR TRANSMISSION OF POWASSAN VIRUS BY DEER TICKS
GREGORY D. EBEL
GREGORY D. EBEL
Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
Search for other papers by GREGORY D. EBEL in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by GREGORY D. EBEL in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
LAURA D. KRAMER
LAURA D. KRAMER
Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
Search for other papers by LAURA D. KRAMER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by LAURA D. KRAMER in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Infected deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis) were allowed to attach to naive mice for variable lengths of time to determine the duration of tick attachment required for Powassan (POW) virus transmission to occur. Viral load in engorged larvae detaching from viremic mice and in resulting nymphs was also monitored. Ninety percent of larval ticks acquired POW virus from mice that had been intraperitoneally inoculated with 105 plaque-forming units (PFU). Engorged larvae contained approximately 10 PFU. Transstadial transmission efficiency was 22%, resulting in approximately 20% infection in nymphs that had fed as larvae on viremic mice. Titer increased approximately 100-fold during molting. Nymphal deer ticks efficiently transmitted POW virus to naive mice after as few as 15 minutes of attachment, suggesting that unlike Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, no grace period exists between tick attachment and POW virus transmission.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Katavolos P, Armstrong PM, Dawson JE, Telford SR III, 1998. Duration of tick attachment required for transmission of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J Infect Dis 177 :1422–1425.
-
2
Spencer RR, Parker RR, 1923. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: infectivity of fasting and recently fed ticks. Public Health Rep 38 :333–339.
-
3
Piesman J, Mather TN, Sinsky RJ, Spielman A, 1987. Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission. J Clin Microbiol 25 :557–558.
-
4
Piesman J, Spielman A, 1980. Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island: prevalence of Babesia microti in ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29 :742–746.
-
5
Karakashian SJ, Rudzinska MA, Spielman A, Lewengrub S, Piesman J, Shoukrey N, 1983. Ultrastructural studies on sporogony of Babesia microti in salivary gland cells of the tick Ixodes dammini.Cell Tissue Res 231 :275–287.
-
6
Ribeiro JM, Mather TN, Piesman J, Spielman A, 1987. Dissemination and salivary delivery of Lyme disease spirochetes in vector ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 24 :201–205.
-
7
Ebel GD, Spielman A, Telford SR III, 2001. Phylogeny of North American Powassan virus. J Gen Virol 82 :1657–1665.
-
8
Ebel GD, Campbell E, Goethert HK, Spielman A, Telford SR, 2000. Enzootic transmission of deer tick virus in New England and Wisconsin sites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :36–42.
-
9
Ebel GD, Foppa I, Spielman A, Telford SR, 1999. A focus of deer tick virus transmission in the northcentral United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :570–574.
-
10
Telford SR III, Armstrong PM, Katavolos P, Foppa I, Garcia AS, Wilson ML, Spielman A, 1997. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini.Emerg Infect Dis 3 :165–170.
-
11
Lindsey HS, Calisher CH, Matthews JH, 1976. Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. J Clin Microbiol 4 :503–510.
-
12
Alekseev AN, Burenkova LA, Vasilieva IS, Dubinina HV, Chunikhin SP, 1996. Preliminary studies on virus and spirochete accumulation in the cement plug of ixodid ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 20 :713–723.
-
13
Chernesky MA, McLean DM, 1969. Localization of Powassan virus in Dermacentor andersoni ticks by immunofluorescence. Can J Microbiol 15 :1399–1408.
-
14
Artsob H, Spence L, Surgeoner G, McCreadie J, Thorsen J, Th’ng C, Lampotang V, 1984. Isolation of Francisella tularensis and Powassan virus from ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Ontario, Canada. J Med Entomol 21 :165–168.
-
15
Main AJ, Carey AB, Downs WG, 1979. Powassan virus in Ixodes cookei and Mustelidae in New England. J Wildl Dis 15 :585–591.
-
16
Artsob H, 1989. Powassan encephalitis. Monath T, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 29–49.
-
17
Costero A, Grayson MA, 1996. Experimental transmission of Powassan virus (Flaviviridae) by Ixodes scapularis ticks (Acari:Ixodidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :536–546.
-
18
Kuno G, Artsob H, Karabatsos N, Tsuchiya KR, Chang GJ, 2001. Genomic sequencing of deer tick virus and phylogeny of Powassan-related viruses of North America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :671–676.
-
19
Beasley DW, Suderman MT, Holbrook MR, Barrett AD, 2001. Nucleotide sequencing and serological evidence that the recently recognized deer tick virus is a genotype of Powassan virus. Virus Res 79 :81–89.
-
20
Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, O’Guinn ML, 2001. Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :1018–1022.
-
21
Armstrong PM, Rico-Hesse R, 2001. Differential susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to infection by the American and Southeast Asian genotypes of dengue type 2 virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1 :159–168.
-
22
Boromisa RD, Rai KS, Grimstad PR, 1987. Variation in the vector competence of geographic strains of Aedes albopictus for dengue 1 virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 3 :378–386.
-
23
Anonymous, 2001. Outbreak of Powassan encephalitis – Maine and Vermont, 1999–2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :761–764.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1454 | 986 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 934 | 32 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 451 | 38 | 8 |