Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
McCarthy D, Wolf H, Wu Y, 2000. Malaria and Growth. Policy Research Working Paper 2303. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
2
Gallup J, Sachs J, 2001. The economic burden of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl):85–96.
-
3
Sachs J, Malaney P, 2002. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415 :680–685.
-
4
Bloom DE, Canning D, Malaney PN, 2000. Demographic change and economic growth in Asia. Popul Dev Rev 26 (Suppl):257–290.
-
5
Sachs J, Warner A, 1995. Economic reform and the process of global integration. Brookings Papers Econ Activity 1 :1–118.
-
6
Acemoglu D, Johnson S, Robinson J, 2001. Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. w8460
-
7
Rodrik D, Subramanian A, Trebbi F, 2002. Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Integration in Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. w9305
-
8
Carter HR, 1919. The malaria problem in the south. Public Health Rep 34 :1927–1931.
-
9
Shepard DS, Ettling MB, Brinkmann U, Sauerborn R, 1991. The economic cost of malaria in Africa. Trop Med Parasitol 42 :199–203.
-
10
Ettling MB, Chitsulo L, McFarland D, 1993. Malawi: The Economic Impact of Malaria on Low Income Households. Arlington, VA: Vector Biology and Control Project. Report No.82239.
-
11
Kahneman D, Knetsch J, 1992. Valuing public goods: the purchase of moral satisfaction. J Environ Econ Management 22 :57–70.
-
12
Diamond P, Hausman J, 1994. Contingent valuation: is some number better than no number? J Econ Perspect 8 :45–64.
-
13
Cropper ML, Lampietti JA, Haile M, Poulos C, Whittington D, 1999. The Value of Preventing Malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14
Bhombore SR, Worth CB, Nanjundiah KS, 1952. A survey of the economic status of villagers in a malarious irrigated tract in Mysore state, India, before and after DDT residual insecticidal spraying. Indian J Malariol 6 :355–366.
-
15
Audibert M, 1986. Agricultural non-wage production and health status: A case-study in a tropical environment. J Develop Econ 24 :275–291.
-
16
Utzinger J, Tozan Y, Domani F, Singer B, 2001. The economic payoffs of malaria control in the Zambian Copper Belt: 1930–1950. Trop Med Int Health 7 :657–677.
-
17
Holding PA, Snow RW, 2001. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on performance and learning: review of the evidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl):68–75
-
18
Serouri AW, Grantham-McGregor SM, Greenwood B, Costello A, 2000. Impact of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia on cognitive function and school achievement of schoolchildren in the Yemen Republic. Parasitology 121 :337–345.
-
19
Lozoff B, 1989. Nutrition and behavior. Am Psychiatry 44 :231–236.
-
20
McKay H, Sinisterra L, McKay A, Gomez H, Lloreda P, 1978. Improving cognitive ability in chronically deprived children. Science 200 :270–278.
-
21
Grantham-McGregor SM, Powell CA, Walker SP, Himes JH, 1991. Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: the Jamaican study. Lancet 338 :1–5.
-
22
Rowland MG, Cole TJ, Whitehead RG, 1977. A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children. Br J Nutr 37 :441–450.
-
23
Snow RW, Molyneux CS, Njeru EK, Omumbo J, Nevill CG, Muniu E, Marsh K, 1997. The effects of malaria control on nutritional status in infancy. Acta Trop 65 :1–10.
-
24
Shiff C, Checkley W, Winch P, Premji Z, Minjas J, Lubega P, 1996. Changes in weight gain and anaemia attributable to malaria in Tanzanian children living under holoendemic conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med 90 :262–265.
-
25
Draper CC, 1960. Malaria control and haemoglobin levels. BMJ 6 :1480–1483.
-
26
Hedberg K, Shaffer N, Davachi F, Hightower A, Lyamba B, Paluku KM, Nguyen-Dinh P, Breman JG, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum-associated anemia in children at a large urban hospital in Zaire. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :365–371.
-
27
Scholz BD, Gross R, Schultink W, Sastroamidjojo S, 1997. Anaemia is associated with reduced productivity of women workers even in less-physically-strenuous tasks. Br J Nutr 77 :47–57.
-
28
Basta SS, Soekirman KD, Karyadi D, Scrimshaw NS, 1979. Iron deficiency anemia and the productivity of adult males in Indonesia. Am J Clin Nutr 32 :916–925.
-
29
Fleming AF, 1997. HIV and blood transfusion in sub-Saharan Africa. Transfus Sci 18 :167–179.
-
30
Ryder RW, 1992. Difficulties associated with providing an HIV-free blood upply in tropical Africa. AIDS 6 :1395–1397.
-
31
Brahmbhatt H, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Sewakambo N, Lutalo T, Wawer M, Abramowsky C, Sullivan D, Gray R, 2003. The effects of placental malaria on mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 17 :2539–2542.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 54 | 54 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 580 | 88 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 247 | 29 | 0 |
THE MALARIA GAP
PIA MALANEY
PIA MALANEY
Center for International Development, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
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ANDREW SPIELMAN
ANDREW SPIELMAN
Center for International Development, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
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JEFFREY SACHS
JEFFREY SACHS
Center for International Development, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Although the correlation between malaria and poverty is apparent, the nature of the linkages in terms of directions and mechanisms of causation is less so, and different methodologic approaches provide widely divergent perspectives concerning the impact of the disease. Certain macroeconomic studies find that in highly endemic countries, malaria may be responsible for reducing economic growth by more than one percentage point a year. Microeconomic studies, which aggregate the cost per case, find a considerably smaller impact, generally less than one percent of annual per capita gross domestic product. The large gap between these estimates suggests economic externalities associated with malaria that make the burden much greater than the sum of the costs of individual cases. Both the magnitude of the burden and the channels through which malaria affects reduces income are important for policymakers. We explore this gap, examining diverse mechanisms through which malaria can affect long-term economic development.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
McCarthy D, Wolf H, Wu Y, 2000. Malaria and Growth. Policy Research Working Paper 2303. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
2
Gallup J, Sachs J, 2001. The economic burden of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl):85–96.
-
3
Sachs J, Malaney P, 2002. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415 :680–685.
-
4
Bloom DE, Canning D, Malaney PN, 2000. Demographic change and economic growth in Asia. Popul Dev Rev 26 (Suppl):257–290.
-
5
Sachs J, Warner A, 1995. Economic reform and the process of global integration. Brookings Papers Econ Activity 1 :1–118.
-
6
Acemoglu D, Johnson S, Robinson J, 2001. Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. w8460
-
7
Rodrik D, Subramanian A, Trebbi F, 2002. Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Integration in Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. w9305
-
8
Carter HR, 1919. The malaria problem in the south. Public Health Rep 34 :1927–1931.
-
9
Shepard DS, Ettling MB, Brinkmann U, Sauerborn R, 1991. The economic cost of malaria in Africa. Trop Med Parasitol 42 :199–203.
-
10
Ettling MB, Chitsulo L, McFarland D, 1993. Malawi: The Economic Impact of Malaria on Low Income Households. Arlington, VA: Vector Biology and Control Project. Report No.82239.
-
11
Kahneman D, Knetsch J, 1992. Valuing public goods: the purchase of moral satisfaction. J Environ Econ Management 22 :57–70.
-
12
Diamond P, Hausman J, 1994. Contingent valuation: is some number better than no number? J Econ Perspect 8 :45–64.
-
13
Cropper ML, Lampietti JA, Haile M, Poulos C, Whittington D, 1999. The Value of Preventing Malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14
Bhombore SR, Worth CB, Nanjundiah KS, 1952. A survey of the economic status of villagers in a malarious irrigated tract in Mysore state, India, before and after DDT residual insecticidal spraying. Indian J Malariol 6 :355–366.
-
15
Audibert M, 1986. Agricultural non-wage production and health status: A case-study in a tropical environment. J Develop Econ 24 :275–291.
-
16
Utzinger J, Tozan Y, Domani F, Singer B, 2001. The economic payoffs of malaria control in the Zambian Copper Belt: 1930–1950. Trop Med Int Health 7 :657–677.
-
17
Holding PA, Snow RW, 2001. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on performance and learning: review of the evidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl):68–75
-
18
Serouri AW, Grantham-McGregor SM, Greenwood B, Costello A, 2000. Impact of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia on cognitive function and school achievement of schoolchildren in the Yemen Republic. Parasitology 121 :337–345.
-
19
Lozoff B, 1989. Nutrition and behavior. Am Psychiatry 44 :231–236.
-
20
McKay H, Sinisterra L, McKay A, Gomez H, Lloreda P, 1978. Improving cognitive ability in chronically deprived children. Science 200 :270–278.
-
21
Grantham-McGregor SM, Powell CA, Walker SP, Himes JH, 1991. Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: the Jamaican study. Lancet 338 :1–5.
-
22
Rowland MG, Cole TJ, Whitehead RG, 1977. A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children. Br J Nutr 37 :441–450.
-
23
Snow RW, Molyneux CS, Njeru EK, Omumbo J, Nevill CG, Muniu E, Marsh K, 1997. The effects of malaria control on nutritional status in infancy. Acta Trop 65 :1–10.
-
24
Shiff C, Checkley W, Winch P, Premji Z, Minjas J, Lubega P, 1996. Changes in weight gain and anaemia attributable to malaria in Tanzanian children living under holoendemic conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med 90 :262–265.
-
25
Draper CC, 1960. Malaria control and haemoglobin levels. BMJ 6 :1480–1483.
-
26
Hedberg K, Shaffer N, Davachi F, Hightower A, Lyamba B, Paluku KM, Nguyen-Dinh P, Breman JG, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum-associated anemia in children at a large urban hospital in Zaire. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :365–371.
-
27
Scholz BD, Gross R, Schultink W, Sastroamidjojo S, 1997. Anaemia is associated with reduced productivity of women workers even in less-physically-strenuous tasks. Br J Nutr 77 :47–57.
-
28
Basta SS, Soekirman KD, Karyadi D, Scrimshaw NS, 1979. Iron deficiency anemia and the productivity of adult males in Indonesia. Am J Clin Nutr 32 :916–925.
-
29
Fleming AF, 1997. HIV and blood transfusion in sub-Saharan Africa. Transfus Sci 18 :167–179.
-
30
Ryder RW, 1992. Difficulties associated with providing an HIV-free blood upply in tropical Africa. AIDS 6 :1395–1397.
-
31
Brahmbhatt H, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Sewakambo N, Lutalo T, Wawer M, Abramowsky C, Sullivan D, Gray R, 2003. The effects of placental malaria on mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 17 :2539–2542.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 54 | 54 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 580 | 88 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 247 | 29 | 0 |