Modiano D, Petrarca V, Sirima BS, Luoni G, Nebie I, Diallo DA, Esposito F, Coluzzi M, 1996. Different response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in west African sympatric ethnic groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 :13206–13211.

Modiano D, Petrarca V, Sirima BS, Luoni G, Nebie I, Diallo DA, Esposito F, Coluzzi M, 1996. Different response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in west African sympatric ethnic groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 13206–13211.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Olerup O, Troye-Blomberg M, Schreuder GM, Riley EM, 1991. HLA-DR and -DQ gene polymorphism in west Africans is twice as extensive as in north European Caucasians: evolutionary implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 :8480–8484.

Olerup O, Troye-Blomberg M, Schreuder GM, Riley EM, 1991. HLA-DR and -DQ gene polymorphism in west Africans is twice as extensive as in north European Caucasians: evolutionary implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8480–8484.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Allsopp CE, Harding RM, Taylor C, Bunce M, Kwiatkowski D, Anstey N, Brewster D, McMichael AJ, Greenwood BM, Hill AV, 1992. Interethnic genetic differentiation in Africa: HLA class I antigens in the Gambia. Am J Hum Genet 50 :411–421.

Allsopp CE, Harding RM, Taylor C, Bunce M, Kwiatkowski D, Anstey N, Brewster D, McMichael AJ, Greenwood BM, Hill AV, 1992. Interethnic genetic differentiation in Africa: HLA class I antigens in the Gambia. Am J Hum Genet 50: 411–421.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Lanfrancotti A, Petrarca V, Cruciani F, Simpore J, Ciminelli BM, Foglietta E, Grisanti P, Bianco I, Modiano G, Coluzzi M, 2001. The lower susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria of Fulani of Burkina Faso (west Africa) is associated with low frequencies of classic malaria-resistance genes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :149–152.

Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Lanfrancotti A, Petrarca V, Cruciani F, Simpore J, Ciminelli BM, Foglietta E, Grisanti P, Bianco I, Modiano G, Coluzzi M, 2001. The lower susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria of Fulani of Burkina Faso (west Africa) is associated with low frequencies of classic malaria-resistance genes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 149–152.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rastrelli E, Olivieri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, d’Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M, 2001. Hemoglobin C protects from clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria particularly in the homozygous state. Nature 414 :305–308.

Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rastrelli E, Olivieri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, d’Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M, 2001. Hemoglobin C protects from clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria particularly in the homozygous state. Nature 414: 305–308.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Modiano D, Chiucchiuini A, Petrarca V, Sirima BS, Luoni G, Perlmann H, Esposito F, Coluzzi M, 1998. Humoral response to Plasmodium falciparum Pf155/ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and Pf332 in three sympatric ethnic groups of Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :220–224.

Modiano D, Chiucchiuini A, Petrarca V, Sirima BS, Luoni G, Perlmann H, Esposito F, Coluzzi M, 1998. Humoral response to Plasmodium falciparum Pf155/ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and Pf332 in three sympatric ethnic groups of Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 220–224.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Luoni G, Verra F, Arcà B, Sirima BS, Troye-Blomberg M, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D, 2001. Antimalarial antibody levels and IL4 polymorphism in the Fulani of west Africa. Genes Immun 2 :411–414.

Luoni G, Verra F, Arcà B, Sirima BS, Troye-Blomberg M, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D, 2001. Antimalarial antibody levels and IL4 polymorphism in the Fulani of west Africa. Genes Immun 2: 411–414.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Rihet P, Traore Y, Abel L, Aucan C, Traore-Leroux T, Fumoux F, 1998. Malaria in humans: Plasmodium falciparum blood infection levels are linked to chromosome 5q31–q33. Am J Hum Genet 63 :498–505.

Rihet P, Traore Y, Abel L, Aucan C, Traore-Leroux T, Fumoux F, 1998. Malaria in humans: Plasmodium falciparum blood infection levels are linked to chromosome 5q31–q33. Am J Hum Genet 63: 498–505.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Flori L, Kumulungui B, Aucan C, Esnault C, Traore AS, Fumoux F, Rihet P, 2003. Linkage and association between Plasmodium falciparum blood infection levels and chromosome 5q31–q33. Genes Immun 4 :265–268.

Flori L, Kumulungui B, Aucan C, Esnault C, Traore AS, Fumoux F, Rihet P, 2003. Linkage and association between Plasmodium falciparum blood infection levels and chromosome 5q31–q33. Genes Immun 4: 265–268.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Babiker HA, Walliker D, 1997. Current views on the population structure of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for control. Parasitol Today 13 :262–267.

Babiker HA, Walliker D, 1997. Current views on the population structure of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for control. Parasitol Today 13: 262–267.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Anderson TJ, Haubold B, Williams JT, Estrada-Franco JG, Richardson L, Mollinedo R, Bockarie M, Mokili J, Mharakurwa S, French N, Whitworth J, Velez ID, Brockman AH, Nosten F, Ferreira MU, Day KP, 2000. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.Mol Biol Evol 17 :1467–1482.

Anderson TJ, Haubold B, Williams JT, Estrada-Franco JG, Richardson L, Mollinedo R, Bockarie M, Mokili J, Mharakurwa S, French N, Whitworth J, Velez ID, Brockman AH, Nosten F, Ferreira MU, Day KP, 2000. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biol Evol 17: 1467–1482.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Babiker HA, Lines J, Hill WG, Walliker D, 1997. Population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in villages with different malaria endemicity in East Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :141–147.

Babiker HA, Lines J, Hill WG, Walliker D, 1997. Population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in villages with different malaria endemicity in East Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 141–147.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Smith T, Felger I, Tanner M, Beck HP, 1999. Premunition in Plasmodium falciparum infection: insights from the epidemiology of multiple infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 (Suppl 1):59–64.

Smith T, Felger I, Tanner M, Beck HP, 1999. Premunition in Plasmodium falciparum infection: insights from the epidemiology of multiple infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 (Suppl 1): 59–64.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Ntoumi F, Contamin H, Rogier C, Bonnefoy S, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1995. Age-dependent carriage of multiple Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 alleles in asymptomatic malaria infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :81–88.

Ntoumi F, Contamin H, Rogier C, Bonnefoy S, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1995. Age-dependent carriage of multiple Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 alleles in asymptomatic malaria infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 81–88.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Petrarca V, Petrangeli G, Rossi P, Sabatinelli G, 1986. Chromosomal study of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and various neighbouring villages. Parassitologia 28 :41–61.

Petrarca V, Petrangeli G, Rossi P, Sabatinelli G, 1986. Chromosomal study of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and various neighbouring villages. Parassitologia 28: 41–61.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Esposito F, Lombardi S, Toure YT, Zayala F, Coluzzi M, 1986. Field observations on the use of anti-sporozoite monoclonal antibodies for determination of infection rates in malaria vectors. Parassitologia 28 :69–77.

Esposito F, Lombardi S, Toure YT, Zayala F, Coluzzi M, 1986. Field observations on the use of anti-sporozoite monoclonal antibodies for determination of infection rates in malaria vectors. Parassitologia 28: 69–77.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Lombardi S, Esposito F, 1983. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the identification of mosquito bloodmeals. Parassitologia 25 :49–56.

Lombardi S, Esposito F, 1983. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the identification of mosquito bloodmeals. Parassitologia 25: 49–56.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Bruce-Chwatt LJ, 1985. Essential Malariology. London: William Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd.

Costantini C, Sagnon N, della Torre A, Coluzzi M, 1999. Mosquito behavioural aspects of vector-human interactions in theAnopheles gambiae complex. Parassitologia 41 :209–217.

Costantini C, Sagnon N, della Torre A, Coluzzi M, 1999. Mosquito behavioural aspects of vector-human interactions in theAnopheles gambiae complex. Parassitologia 41: 209–217.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995.Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :565–568.

Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995.Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 565–568.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Tanabe K, Mackay M, Goman M, Scaife JG, 1987. Allelic dimorphism in a surface antigen gene of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.J Mol Biol 195 :273–287.

Tanabe K, Mackay M, Goman M, Scaife JG, 1987. Allelic dimorphism in a surface antigen gene of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. J Mol Biol 195: 273–287.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Smythe JA, Coppel RL, Day KP, Martin RK, Oduola AM, Kemp DJ, Anders RF, 1991. Structural diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 :1751–1755.

Smythe JA, Coppel RL, Day KP, Martin RK, Oduola AM, Kemp DJ, Anders RF, 1991. Structural diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 1751–1755.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Borre MB, Dziegiel M, Hogh B, Petersen E, Rieneck K, Riley E,Meis JF, Aikawa M, Nakamura K, Harada M, 1991. Primary structure and localization of a conserved immunogenic Plasmodium falciparum glutamate rich protein (GLURP) expressed in both the preerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of the vertebrate life cycle. Mol Biochem Parasitol 49 :119–131.

Borre MB, Dziegiel M, Hogh B, Petersen E, Rieneck K, Riley E,Meis JF, Aikawa M, Nakamura K, Harada M, 1991. Primary structure and localization of a conserved immunogenic Plasmodium falciparum glutamate rich protein (GLURP) expressed in both the preerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of the vertebrate life cycle. Mol Biochem Parasitol 49: 119–131.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Canavagh DR, McBride JS, 1997. Antigenicity of recombinant proteins derived from Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1. Mol Biochem Parasitol 85 :197–211.

Canavagh DR, McBride JS, 1997. Antigenicity of recombinant proteins derived from Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1. Mol Biochem Parasitol 85: 197–211.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Zwetyenga J, Rogier C, Tall A, Fontenille D, Snounou G, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1998. No influence of age on infection complexity and allelic distribution in Plasmodium falciparum infections in Ndiop, a Senegalese village with seasonal, mesoendemic malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :726–735.

Zwetyenga J, Rogier C, Tall A, Fontenille D, Snounou G, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1998. No influence of age on infection complexity and allelic distribution in Plasmodium falciparum infections in Ndiop, a Senegalese village with seasonal, mesoendemic malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 726–735.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Babiker HA, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Currie D, Charlwood JD, Billingsley P, Teuscher T, Walliker D, 1994. Random mating in a natural population of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.Parasitology 109 :413–421.

Babiker HA, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Currie D, Charlwood JD, Billingsley P, Teuscher T, Walliker D, 1994. Random mating in a natural population of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 109: 413–421.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Babiker HA, Charlwood JD, Smith T, Walliker D, 1995. Gene flow and cross-mating in Plasmodium falciparum in households in a Tanzanian village. Parasitology 111 :433–442.

Babiker HA, Charlwood JD, Smith T, Walliker D, 1995. Gene flow and cross-mating in Plasmodium falciparum in households in a Tanzanian village. Parasitology 111: 433–442.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Hill WG, Babiker HA, 1995. Estimation of numbers of malaria clones in blood samples. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 262 :249–257.

Hill WG, Babiker HA, 1995. Estimation of numbers of malaria clones in blood samples. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 262:249–257.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

SAS Institute SAS/STAT Software, 1990. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.

SPSS for Windows Release 9.0.0, 1998. Chicago, IL: SPSS, Inc.

Färnert A, Snounou G, Rooth I, Bjorkman A, 1997. Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :538–547.

Färnert A, Snounou G, Rooth I, Bjorkman A, 1997. Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 538–547.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Arnot D, 1998. Unstable malaria in Sudan: the influence of the dry season. Clone multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in individuals exposed to variable levels of disease transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :580–585.

Arnot D, 1998. Unstable malaria in Sudan: the influence of the dry season. Clone multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in individuals exposed to variable levels of disease transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 580–585.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Färnert A, Arez AP, Correia AT, Bjorkman A, Snounou G, do Rosario V, 1999. Sampling and storage of blood and the detection of malaria parasites by polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :50–53.

Färnert A, Arez AP, Correia AT, Bjorkman A, Snounou G, do Rosario V, 1999. Sampling and storage of blood and the detection of malaria parasites by polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 50–53.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Contamin H, Fandeur T, Rogier C, Bonnefoy S, Konate L, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1996. Different genetic characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected during successive clinical malaria episodes in Senegalese children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :632–643.

Contamin H, Fandeur T, Rogier C, Bonnefoy S, Konate L, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1996. Different genetic characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected during successive clinical malaria episodes in Senegalese children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54: 632–643.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Roper C, Richardson W, Elhassan IM, Giha H, Hviid L, Satti GM, Theander TG, Arnot DE, 1998. Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and their relationship to clinical malaria: a longitudinal study in a Sudanese village. Parasitology 116 :501–510.

Roper C, Richardson W, Elhassan IM, Giha H, Hviid L, Satti GM, Theander TG, Arnot DE, 1998. Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and their relationship to clinical malaria: a longitudinal study in a Sudanese village. Parasitology 116: 501–510.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Magesa SM, Mdira KY, Babiker HA, Alifrangis M, Farnert A, Simonsen PE, Bygbjerg IC, Walliker D, Jakobsen PH, 2002. Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum clones infecting children living in a holoendemic area in north-eastern Tanzania. Acta Trop 84 :83–92.

Magesa SM, Mdira KY, Babiker HA, Alifrangis M, Farnert A, Simonsen PE, Bygbjerg IC, Walliker D, Jakobsen PH, 2002. Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum clones infecting children living in a holoendemic area in north-eastern Tanzania. Acta Trop 84: 83–92.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Riley EM, Wagner GE, Akanmori BD, Koram KA, 2001. Do maternal acquired antibodies protect infants from malaria infection? Parasite Immunol 23 :51–59.

Riley EM, Wagner GE, Akanmori BD, Koram KA, 2001. Do maternal acquired antibodies protect infants from malaria infection? Parasite Immunol 23: 51–59.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Mackinnon MJ, Read AF, 2003. The effect of host immunity on virulence-transmissibility relationships in the rodent of malaria parasites. Parasitology 126 :103–112.

Mackinnon MJ, Read AF, 2003. The effect of host immunity on virulence-transmissibility relationships in the rodent of malaria parasites. Parasitology 126: 103–112.)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation