Authors:
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1
Rwaguma EB, Lutwama JJ, Sempala SD, Kiwanuka N, Kamugisha J, Okware S, Bagambisa G, Lanciotti R, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, 1997. Emergence of epidemic O’nyong-nyong fever in southwestern Uganda, after an absence of 35 years (letter). Emerg Infect Dis 3 :77.
-
2
Gubler DJ, 1998. Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :442–449.
-
3
Gratz NG, 1999. Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Annu Rev Entomol 44 :51–75.
-
4
Ribeiro JM, 2000. Blood-feeding in mosquitoes: probing time and salivary gland anti-haemostatic activities in representatives of three genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex). Med Vet Entomol 14 :142–148.
-
5
Aitken THG, 1977. An in vitro feeding technique for artificially demonstrating virus transmission by mosquitoes. Mosq News 37 :130–133.
-
6
Davis NC, 1934. Attempts to determine the amount of yellow fever virus injected by the bite of a single infected Stegomyia mosquito. Am J Trop Med 14 :343–354.
-
7
Gubler DJ, Rosen L, 1976. A simple technique for demonstrating transmission of dengue virus by mosquitoes without the use of vertebrate hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :146–150.
-
8
Ross RW, 1953. Transmission experiments with Chikungunya A and B Virus. Experiments using a new apparatus. Annual Report. Entebbe, Uganda: Virus Research Institute, 13–14.
-
9
Ross RW, 1955. A laboratory technique for studying the insect transmission of animal viruses, employing a bat-wing membrane, demonstrated with two African viruses. Annual Report. Entebbe, Uganda: Virus Research Institute, 192–200.
-
10
Beasley DW, Davis TC, Guzman H, Vanlandingham DL, Travassos da Rosa AP, Parsons RE, Higgs S, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, 2003. Limited evolution of West Nile virus during its south-westerly spread in the United States. Virology 309 :190–195.
-
11
Beasley DW, Barrett AD, 2002. Identification of neutralizing epitopes within structural domain III of the West Nile virus envelope protein. J Virol 76 :13097–13100.
-
12
Cosgrove JB, Wood RJ, Petric D, Evans DT, Abbott RHR, 1994. A convenient mosquito membrane feeding system. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 44 :177–185.
-
13
Higgs S, Olson KE, Kamrud KI, Powers AM, Beaty BJ, 1997. Viral expression systems and viral infections in insects. Crampton JM, Beard CB, Louis C, eds. The Molecular Biology of Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual. London: Chapman and Hall, 459–484.
-
14
Gould EA, Buckley A, Cammack N, Barrett ADT, Clegg JCS, Ishak R, Varma MGR, 1985a. Examination of the immunological relationships between flaviviruses using yellow fever virus monoclonal antibodies. J Gen Virol 66 :1369–1382.
-
15
Gould EA, Buckley A, Cammack N, 1985b. Use of a biotinstreptavidin interaction to improve flavivirus detection by immunofluorescence and ELISA tests. J Virol Methods 11 :41–48.
-
16
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
17
Hurlbut HS, 1966. Mosquito salivation and virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15 :989–993.
-
18
Clements AN, 1991. The Biology of Mosquitoes. Volume 1. Development, Nutrition and Reproduction. London, Chapman and Hall.
-
19
Devine TL, Venard CE, Myser WC, 1965. Measurement of salivation by Aedes aegypti (L.) feeding on a living host. J Insect Physiol 11 :347–353.
-
20
Novak MG, Ribeiro JMC, Hildebrand JG, 1995. 5-hydroxytryptamine in the salivary glands of adult female Aedes aegypti and its role in regulation of salivation. J Exp Biol 198 :167–174.
-
21
Boorman J, 1987. Induction of salivation in biting midges and mosquitoes, and demonstration of saliva in the infected insects. Med Vet Entomol 1 :211–214.
-
22
LaMotte LC Jr, 1960. Japanese B encephalitis virus in the organs of infected mosquitoes. Am J Hyg 72 :73–87.
-
23
Collins WE, 1963. Transmission of Semliki Forest virus by Anopheles albimanus using mebrane feeding techniques. Mosq News 23 :96–99.
-
24
Chamberlain RW, Kissling RE, Sikes RK, 1954. Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides. VII. estimation of amount of eastern equine encephalitis virus inoculated by infected Aedes aegypti.Am J Hyg 60 :286–291.
-
25
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemmeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 260 | 221 | 76 |
| Full Text Views | 281 | 11 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 82 | 9 | 2 |
REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE–POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION QUANTIFICATION OF WEST NILE VIRUS TRANSMITTED BY CULEX PIPIENS QUINQUEFASCIATUS
DANA L. VANLANDINGHAM
DANA L. VANLANDINGHAM
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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BRADLEY S. SCHNEIDER
BRADLEY S. SCHNEIDER
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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KIMBERLY KLINGLER
KIMBERLY KLINGLER
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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JOSEPH FAIR
JOSEPH FAIR
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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DAVID BEASLEY
DAVID BEASLEY
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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JING HUANG
JING HUANG
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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PATRICIA HAMILTON
PATRICIA HAMILTON
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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STEPHEN HIGGS
STEPHEN HIGGS
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Transmission experiments are a critical component of vector competence studies. In this study, a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to enumerate the amount of West Nile virus (WNV) secreted in mosquito saliva following oral infection. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were allowed to feed on WNV-infected blood, and saliva was collected on days 14 and 21 post-infection (pi). The amount of virus at these two time points varied significantly, with mean equivalent plaque-forming units (pfu) of approximately 30,500 on day 14 pi and 5,800 on day 21 pi. Individual mosquitoes secreted up to 2 × 105 pfu of virus. Titer of whole mosquitoes and immunofluorescence assay of salivary glands from mosquitoes collected at these two time points were also used for supplemental comparison. This report describes the first use of a real-time RT-PCR to quantify the amount of WNV in mosquito saliva.
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-
1
Rwaguma EB, Lutwama JJ, Sempala SD, Kiwanuka N, Kamugisha J, Okware S, Bagambisa G, Lanciotti R, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, 1997. Emergence of epidemic O’nyong-nyong fever in southwestern Uganda, after an absence of 35 years (letter). Emerg Infect Dis 3 :77.
-
2
Gubler DJ, 1998. Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :442–449.
-
3
Gratz NG, 1999. Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Annu Rev Entomol 44 :51–75.
-
4
Ribeiro JM, 2000. Blood-feeding in mosquitoes: probing time and salivary gland anti-haemostatic activities in representatives of three genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex). Med Vet Entomol 14 :142–148.
-
5
Aitken THG, 1977. An in vitro feeding technique for artificially demonstrating virus transmission by mosquitoes. Mosq News 37 :130–133.
-
6
Davis NC, 1934. Attempts to determine the amount of yellow fever virus injected by the bite of a single infected Stegomyia mosquito. Am J Trop Med 14 :343–354.
-
7
Gubler DJ, Rosen L, 1976. A simple technique for demonstrating transmission of dengue virus by mosquitoes without the use of vertebrate hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :146–150.
-
8
Ross RW, 1953. Transmission experiments with Chikungunya A and B Virus. Experiments using a new apparatus. Annual Report. Entebbe, Uganda: Virus Research Institute, 13–14.
-
9
Ross RW, 1955. A laboratory technique for studying the insect transmission of animal viruses, employing a bat-wing membrane, demonstrated with two African viruses. Annual Report. Entebbe, Uganda: Virus Research Institute, 192–200.
-
10
Beasley DW, Davis TC, Guzman H, Vanlandingham DL, Travassos da Rosa AP, Parsons RE, Higgs S, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, 2003. Limited evolution of West Nile virus during its south-westerly spread in the United States. Virology 309 :190–195.
-
11
Beasley DW, Barrett AD, 2002. Identification of neutralizing epitopes within structural domain III of the West Nile virus envelope protein. J Virol 76 :13097–13100.
-
12
Cosgrove JB, Wood RJ, Petric D, Evans DT, Abbott RHR, 1994. A convenient mosquito membrane feeding system. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 44 :177–185.
-
13
Higgs S, Olson KE, Kamrud KI, Powers AM, Beaty BJ, 1997. Viral expression systems and viral infections in insects. Crampton JM, Beard CB, Louis C, eds. The Molecular Biology of Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual. London: Chapman and Hall, 459–484.
-
14
Gould EA, Buckley A, Cammack N, Barrett ADT, Clegg JCS, Ishak R, Varma MGR, 1985a. Examination of the immunological relationships between flaviviruses using yellow fever virus monoclonal antibodies. J Gen Virol 66 :1369–1382.
-
15
Gould EA, Buckley A, Cammack N, 1985b. Use of a biotinstreptavidin interaction to improve flavivirus detection by immunofluorescence and ELISA tests. J Virol Methods 11 :41–48.
-
16
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
17
Hurlbut HS, 1966. Mosquito salivation and virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15 :989–993.
-
18
Clements AN, 1991. The Biology of Mosquitoes. Volume 1. Development, Nutrition and Reproduction. London, Chapman and Hall.
-
19
Devine TL, Venard CE, Myser WC, 1965. Measurement of salivation by Aedes aegypti (L.) feeding on a living host. J Insect Physiol 11 :347–353.
-
20
Novak MG, Ribeiro JMC, Hildebrand JG, 1995. 5-hydroxytryptamine in the salivary glands of adult female Aedes aegypti and its role in regulation of salivation. J Exp Biol 198 :167–174.
-
21
Boorman J, 1987. Induction of salivation in biting midges and mosquitoes, and demonstration of saliva in the infected insects. Med Vet Entomol 1 :211–214.
-
22
LaMotte LC Jr, 1960. Japanese B encephalitis virus in the organs of infected mosquitoes. Am J Hyg 72 :73–87.
-
23
Collins WE, 1963. Transmission of Semliki Forest virus by Anopheles albimanus using mebrane feeding techniques. Mosq News 23 :96–99.
-
24
Chamberlain RW, Kissling RE, Sikes RK, 1954. Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides. VII. estimation of amount of eastern equine encephalitis virus inoculated by infected Aedes aegypti.Am J Hyg 60 :286–291.
-
25
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemmeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–322.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 260 | 221 | 76 |
| Full Text Views | 281 | 11 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 82 | 9 | 2 |