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-
1
Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Vossbrinck CR, Tirrell S, Wakem EM, French RA, Garmendia AE, van Kruiningen HJ, 1999. Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper’s hawk in Connecticut. Science 286 :2331–2333.
-
2
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the Northeastern United States. Science 286 :2333–2337.
-
3
CDC, 2002. Provisional surveillance summary of the West Nile virus epidemic—United States, January–November 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :1129–1133.
-
4
Nasci RS, White DJ, Stirling H, Oliver J, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Campbell S, Crans WJ, Savage HM, Lanciotti RS, Moore CG, Godsey MS, Gottfried KL, Mitchell CJ, 2001. West Nile virus isolates from mosquitoes in New York and New Jersey, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :626–630.
-
5
White DJ, Kramer LD, Backenson PB, Lukacik G, Johnson G, Oliver J, Howard JJ, Means RG, Eidson M, Gotham I, Kulasekera V, Campbell S, The Arbovirus Research Laboratory, the Statewide West Nile Virus Response Teams, 2001. Mosquito surveillance and polymerase chain reaction detection of West Nile virus, New York State. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :643–649.
-
6
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CF, 2001. Mosquito surveillance for West Nile virus in Connecticut, 2000: Isolation from Culex pipiens, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius and Culiseta melanura.Emerg Infect Dis 7 :670–674.
-
7
Bernard KA, Maffei JG, Jones SA, Kauffman EB, Ebel GD, Dupuis AP, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Young DM, Shi P-Y, Kulasekera VL, Eidson M, White DJ, Stone WB, Kramer LD, NY State West Nile Virus Surveillance Team, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :679–685.
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8
Kulasekera VL, Kramer L, Nasci RS, Mostashari F, Cherry B, Trock SC, Glaser C, Miller JR, 2001. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, NY, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :722–725.
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9
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH III, Mayo DR, 2001. A phylogenetic approach to following West Nile virus in Connecticut. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 :12885–12889.
-
10
Sudia WD, Chamberlain RW, 1962. Battery-operated light tap, an improved model. Mosq News 22 :126–129.
-
11
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Tirrell-Peck SJ, 1998. Multiple isolations of eastern equine encephalitis and Highlands J viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) during a 1996 epizootic in southeastern Connecticut. J Med Entomol 35 :296–302.
-
12
Bellamy RE, Reeves WC, 1952. A portable mosquito baittrap. Mosq News 12 :256–258.
-
14
Haddow AJ, Gillett JD, Highton RB, 1947. The mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda, V. The vertical distribution and biting cycle of mosquitoes in rainforest, with further observations on microclimate. Bull Entomol Res 37 :301–330.
-
15
Reisen WK, Meyer RP, Tempelis CH, Spoehel JJ, 1990. Mosquito abundance and bionomics in residential communities in Orange and Los Angeles counties, California. J Med Entomol 27 :356–367.
-
16
Service MW, 1971. Flight periodicities and vertical distribution of Aedes cantans (Mg.), Ae. geniculatus (O1.), Anopheles plumbeus Steph. and Culex pipiens L. (Dipt., Culicidae) in southern England. Bull Entomol Res 60 :639–651.
-
17
Main AJ, Tonn RJ, Randall EJ, Anderson KS, 1966. Mosquito densities at heights of five and twenty-five feet in southeastern Massachusetts. Mosq News 26 :243–248.
-
18
Mitchell L, 1982. Time-segregated mosquito collections with a CDC miniature light trap. Mosq News 42 :12–18.
-
19
Novak RJ, Peloquin J, Rohrer W, 1981. Vertical distribution of adult mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) in a northern deciduous forest in Indiana. J Med Entomol 18 :116–122.
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20
Clements AN, 1999. The Biology of Mosquitoes. Volume 2. Sensory Reception and Behaviour. Oxon, United Kingdom: CABI Publishing.
-
21
Means RG, 1968. Host preferences of mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) in Suffolk County, New York. Ann Entomol Soc Am 61 :116–120.
-
22
Tempelis CH, 1975. Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes, with a review of advances in analysis of blood meals by serology. J Med Entomol 11 :635–653.
-
23
Magnarelli LA, 1977. Host feeding patterns of Connecticut mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :547–552.
-
24
Spielman A, 2001. Structure and seasonality of Nearctic Culex pipiens populations. Ann N Y Acad Scien 951 :220–234.
-
25
Kitaoka M, 1950. Experimental transmission of the West Nile virus by the mosquito. Jpn Med J 3 :77–81.
-
26
Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM, 1955. Indigenous wild birds of the Nile Delta as potential West Nile virus circulating reservoirs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 :872–888.
-
27
Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, 1999. West Nile fever—a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :643–650.
-
28
Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Oliver J, 2000. Potential for New York mosquitoes to transmit West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :413–414.
-
29
Hayes CG, 1988. West Nile viruses. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 59–88.
-
30
Kline DL, 1999. Comparison of two American Biophysics mosquito traps: the professional and a new counterflow geometry trap. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :276–282.
-
31
Darsie RF Jr, Ward RA, 1981. Identification and geographic distribution of mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. Mosq Syst 1 (Suppl):1–313.
-
32
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
33
Biggerstaff BJ, 2003. PooledInfRate: A Microsoft® Excel Add-In to Compute Prevalence Estimates from Pooled Samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
34
Magurran AE, 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
-
35
Savage HM, Ceianu C, Nicolescu G, Karabatsos N, Lanciotti R, Vladimirescu A, Laiv L, Ungureanu A, Romanca C, Tsai TF, 1999. Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :600–611.
-
36
Service MW, 1969. The use of traps in sampling mosquito populations. Entomol Exp Appl 12 :403–412.
-
37
Nasci RS, Savage HM, White DJ, Miller JR, Cropp BC, Godsey MS, Kerst AJ, Bennett P, Gottfried K, Lanciotti RS, 2001. West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :742–744.
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38
Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Dohm B, Jones JW, 2001. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 38 :130–134.
-
39
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods. Second Edition. London: Elsevier Applied Science.
-
40
Morris CD, DeFoliart GR, 1971. Parous rates in Wisconsin mosquito populations. J Med Entomol 8 :209–212.
-
41
Magnarelli LA, 1975. Relative abundance and parity of mosquitoes collected in dry-ice baited and unbaited CDC miniature light traps. Mosq News 35 :350–353.
-
42
Reisen WK, Pfuntner AR, 1987. Effectiveness of five methods for sampling adult Culex mosquitoes in rural and urban habitats in San Bernardino County, California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 3 :601–606.
-
43
Pough RH, 1949. Audubon Bird Guide: Eastern Land Birds. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 416 | 359 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 451 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 118 | 8 | 0 |
PREVALENCE OF WEST NILE VIRUS IN TREE CANOPY–INHABITING CULEX PIPIENS AND ASSOCIATED MOSQUITOES
JOHN F. ANDERSON
JOHN F. ANDERSON
Department of Entomology and Department of Soil and Water, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida
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THEODORE G. ANDREADIS
THEODORE G. ANDREADIS
Department of Entomology and Department of Soil and Water, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida
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ANDY J. MAIN
ANDY J. MAIN
Department of Entomology and Department of Soil and Water, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida
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DANIEL L. KLINE
DANIEL L. KLINE
Department of Entomology and Department of Soil and Water, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida
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Culex pipiens was the dominant mosquito captured in a West Nile virus (WNV) focus in Stratford, Connecticut. More Cx. pipiens were captured in Centers for Disease Control miniature light traps baited with CO2, quail/hamster traps, and mosquito magnet experimental (MMX) traps placed in the tree canopy than in similar traps placed near the ground. Significantly more Cx. pipiens were captured in MMX traps placed in the canopy than in the other traps tested. Ninety-two percent and 85% of the 206 and 68 WNV isolations were from Cx. pipiens in 2002 and 2003, respectively; 5% and 12% were from Cx. salinarius. Eighty-five percent and 87% of the isolates were from mosquitoes captured in the canopy in each of the two years. The significantly larger numbers of WNV isolates from Cx. pipiens captured in the canopy are attributed to the significantly larger numbers of Cx. pipiens captured in the canopy in comparison to those captured in traps near the ground.
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Vossbrinck CR, Tirrell S, Wakem EM, French RA, Garmendia AE, van Kruiningen HJ, 1999. Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper’s hawk in Connecticut. Science 286 :2331–2333.
-
2
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the Northeastern United States. Science 286 :2333–2337.
-
3
CDC, 2002. Provisional surveillance summary of the West Nile virus epidemic—United States, January–November 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :1129–1133.
-
4
Nasci RS, White DJ, Stirling H, Oliver J, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Campbell S, Crans WJ, Savage HM, Lanciotti RS, Moore CG, Godsey MS, Gottfried KL, Mitchell CJ, 2001. West Nile virus isolates from mosquitoes in New York and New Jersey, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :626–630.
-
5
White DJ, Kramer LD, Backenson PB, Lukacik G, Johnson G, Oliver J, Howard JJ, Means RG, Eidson M, Gotham I, Kulasekera V, Campbell S, The Arbovirus Research Laboratory, the Statewide West Nile Virus Response Teams, 2001. Mosquito surveillance and polymerase chain reaction detection of West Nile virus, New York State. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :643–649.
-
6
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CF, 2001. Mosquito surveillance for West Nile virus in Connecticut, 2000: Isolation from Culex pipiens, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius and Culiseta melanura.Emerg Infect Dis 7 :670–674.
-
7
Bernard KA, Maffei JG, Jones SA, Kauffman EB, Ebel GD, Dupuis AP, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Young DM, Shi P-Y, Kulasekera VL, Eidson M, White DJ, Stone WB, Kramer LD, NY State West Nile Virus Surveillance Team, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :679–685.
-
8
Kulasekera VL, Kramer L, Nasci RS, Mostashari F, Cherry B, Trock SC, Glaser C, Miller JR, 2001. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, NY, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :722–725.
-
9
Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Andreadis TG, Iton A, Beckwith WH III, Mayo DR, 2001. A phylogenetic approach to following West Nile virus in Connecticut. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 :12885–12889.
-
10
Sudia WD, Chamberlain RW, 1962. Battery-operated light tap, an improved model. Mosq News 22 :126–129.
-
11
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Tirrell-Peck SJ, 1998. Multiple isolations of eastern equine encephalitis and Highlands J viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) during a 1996 epizootic in southeastern Connecticut. J Med Entomol 35 :296–302.
-
12
Bellamy RE, Reeves WC, 1952. A portable mosquito baittrap. Mosq News 12 :256–258.
-
14
Haddow AJ, Gillett JD, Highton RB, 1947. The mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda, V. The vertical distribution and biting cycle of mosquitoes in rainforest, with further observations on microclimate. Bull Entomol Res 37 :301–330.
-
15
Reisen WK, Meyer RP, Tempelis CH, Spoehel JJ, 1990. Mosquito abundance and bionomics in residential communities in Orange and Los Angeles counties, California. J Med Entomol 27 :356–367.
-
16
Service MW, 1971. Flight periodicities and vertical distribution of Aedes cantans (Mg.), Ae. geniculatus (O1.), Anopheles plumbeus Steph. and Culex pipiens L. (Dipt., Culicidae) in southern England. Bull Entomol Res 60 :639–651.
-
17
Main AJ, Tonn RJ, Randall EJ, Anderson KS, 1966. Mosquito densities at heights of five and twenty-five feet in southeastern Massachusetts. Mosq News 26 :243–248.
-
18
Mitchell L, 1982. Time-segregated mosquito collections with a CDC miniature light trap. Mosq News 42 :12–18.
-
19
Novak RJ, Peloquin J, Rohrer W, 1981. Vertical distribution of adult mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) in a northern deciduous forest in Indiana. J Med Entomol 18 :116–122.
-
20
Clements AN, 1999. The Biology of Mosquitoes. Volume 2. Sensory Reception and Behaviour. Oxon, United Kingdom: CABI Publishing.
-
21
Means RG, 1968. Host preferences of mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) in Suffolk County, New York. Ann Entomol Soc Am 61 :116–120.
-
22
Tempelis CH, 1975. Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes, with a review of advances in analysis of blood meals by serology. J Med Entomol 11 :635–653.
-
23
Magnarelli LA, 1977. Host feeding patterns of Connecticut mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :547–552.
-
24
Spielman A, 2001. Structure and seasonality of Nearctic Culex pipiens populations. Ann N Y Acad Scien 951 :220–234.
-
25
Kitaoka M, 1950. Experimental transmission of the West Nile virus by the mosquito. Jpn Med J 3 :77–81.
-
26
Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM, 1955. Indigenous wild birds of the Nile Delta as potential West Nile virus circulating reservoirs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 :872–888.
-
27
Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, 1999. West Nile fever—a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :643–650.
-
28
Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Oliver J, 2000. Potential for New York mosquitoes to transmit West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :413–414.
-
29
Hayes CG, 1988. West Nile viruses. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 59–88.
-
30
Kline DL, 1999. Comparison of two American Biophysics mosquito traps: the professional and a new counterflow geometry trap. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15 :276–282.
-
31
Darsie RF Jr, Ward RA, 1981. Identification and geographic distribution of mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. Mosq Syst 1 (Suppl):1–313.
-
32
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4066–4071.
-
33
Biggerstaff BJ, 2003. PooledInfRate: A Microsoft® Excel Add-In to Compute Prevalence Estimates from Pooled Samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
34
Magurran AE, 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
-
35
Savage HM, Ceianu C, Nicolescu G, Karabatsos N, Lanciotti R, Vladimirescu A, Laiv L, Ungureanu A, Romanca C, Tsai TF, 1999. Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :600–611.
-
36
Service MW, 1969. The use of traps in sampling mosquito populations. Entomol Exp Appl 12 :403–412.
-
37
Nasci RS, Savage HM, White DJ, Miller JR, Cropp BC, Godsey MS, Kerst AJ, Bennett P, Gottfried K, Lanciotti RS, 2001. West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :742–744.
-
38
Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Dohm B, Jones JW, 2001. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 38 :130–134.
-
39
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods. Second Edition. London: Elsevier Applied Science.
-
40
Morris CD, DeFoliart GR, 1971. Parous rates in Wisconsin mosquito populations. J Med Entomol 8 :209–212.
-
41
Magnarelli LA, 1975. Relative abundance and parity of mosquitoes collected in dry-ice baited and unbaited CDC miniature light traps. Mosq News 35 :350–353.
-
42
Reisen WK, Pfuntner AR, 1987. Effectiveness of five methods for sampling adult Culex mosquitoes in rural and urban habitats in San Bernardino County, California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 3 :601–606.
-
43
Pough RH, 1949. Audubon Bird Guide: Eastern Land Birds. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 416 | 359 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 451 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 118 | 8 | 0 |