ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
King CH, Keating CE, Muruka JF, Ouma JH, Houser H, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1988. Urinary tract morbidity in schistosomiasis haematobia: associations with age and intensity of infection in an endemic area of Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :361–368.
-
2
King CH, Lombardi G, Lombardi C, Greenblatt R, Hodder S, Kinyanjui H, Ouma J, Odiambo O, Bryan PJ, Muruka J, Magak P, Weinert D, Mackay W, Ransohoff D, Houser H, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AAF, 1988. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. I. Metrifonate versus praziquantel in control of intensity and prevalence of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :295–305.
-
3
Siongok TKA, Ouma JH, Houser HB, Warren KS, 1978. Quantification of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in relation to epidemiology and selective population chemotherapy. II Mass treatment with a single oral dose of metrifonate. J Infect Dis 138 :856–858.
-
4
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Kinoti SN, Oduori ML, 1984. Sensitivity and specificity of reagent strips in screening of Kenyan children for Schistosoma haematobium infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :862–871.
-
5
Muchiri EM, Ouma JH, King CH, 1996. Dynamics and control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in Kenya: an overview of the Msambweni Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :127–134.
-
6
Highton RB, Choudhry AW, 1974. The cost evaluation of mollusciciding operations on five irrigation schemes in Kenya. East Afr Med J 51 :180–193.
-
7
Brown DS, Jelnes JE, Kinoti GK, Ouma J, 1981. Distribution in Kenya of intermediate hosts of Schistosoma. Trop Geogr Med 33 :95–103.
-
8
Sturrock RF, 1965. Studies on the biology of Biomphalaria angulosa Mandahl-Barth and on its ability to act as an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 59 :1–9.
-
9
Joubert PH, Pretorius SJ, de Kock KN, van Eeden JA, 1986. Survival of Bulinus africanus (Krauss), Bulinus globosus (Morelet), and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) at constant high temperatures. S Afr J Zool 21 :85–88.
-
10
Cridland CC, 1955. The experimental infection of several species of African freshwater snails with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. J Trop Med Hyg 58 :1–11.
-
11
Southgate VR, Knowles RJ, 1977. On the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium from Western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 71 :82–83.
-
12
Mandahl-Barth G, 1958. The Intermediate Hosts of Schistosoma: African Biomphalaria and Bulinus. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
13
O’Keefe JH, 1985. Population biology of the freshwater snail Bulinus globosus on the Kenya coast: I. Population fluctuations in relation to climate. J Appl Ecol 22 :73–84.
-
14
Sturrock RF, Kinyanjui H, Thiongo FW, Tosha S, Ouma JH, King CH, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1990. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. 3. Snail studies monitoring the effect of chemotherapy on transmission in the Msambweni area, Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :257–261.
-
15
Ndela B, Madsen H, 2001. Laboratory and quasifield studies on interspecific competition between Bulinus globosus and B. tropicus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Afr J Aquatic Sci 26 :17–21.
-
16
Clennon JA, King CH, Muchiri EM, Kariuki HC, Ouma JH, Mungai P, Kitron U, 2004. Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :443–448.
-
17
el Kholy H, Arap Siongok TK, Koech D, Sturrock RF, Houser H, King CH, Mahmoud AA, 1989. Effects of borehole wells on water utilization in Schistosoma haematobium endemic communities in Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :212–219.
-
18
Ouma JH, Sturrock RF, Klumpp RK, Kariuki HC, 1989. A comparative evaluation of snail sampling and cercariometry to detect Schistosoma mansoni transmission in a large-scale, longitudinal field-study in Machakos, Kenya. Parasitology 99 :349–355.
-
19
Rollinson D, Stothard JR, Southgate VR, 2001. Interactions between intermediate snail hosts of the genus Bulinus and schistosomes of the Schistosoma haematobium group. Parasitology 123 (Suppl):S245–S260.
-
20
Frandsen F, Christensen NO, 1984. An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop 41 :181–202.
-
21
Chen D, Getis A, 1998. Point Pattern Analysis. San Diego, CA: Department of Geography, San Diego State University.
-
23
Getis A, 1984. Interaction modeling using second-order analysis. Environ Planning A 16 :173–183.
-
24
Getis A, Ord JK, 1996. Local spatial statistics: an overview. Longley P, Batty M, eds. Spatial Analysis: Modeling in a GIS Environment. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Geoinformation International, 261–277.
-
25
Pesigan TP, Hairston NG, Jauregui JJ, Garcia EG, Santos AT, Santos BC, Besa AA, 1958. Studies on Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Philippines. 2. The molluscan host. Bull World Health Organ 18 :481–578.
-
26
James DR, Morgan E, Candy DJ, 1990. Changes in ionic composition of media during culture of Bulinus tropicus and the relationship between ion concentrations and inhibition of growth and egg-laying. J Appl Ecol 27 :30–40.
-
27
Donnelly FA, Appleton CC, Schutte CH, 1983. The influence of salinity on certain aspects of the biology of Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus. Int J Parasitol 13 :539–545.
-
28
O’Keefe JH, 1985. Population biology of the freshwater snail Bulinus globosus on the Kenya coast II. Feeding and density effects on population parameters. J Appl Ecol 22 :85–90.
-
29
Webbe G, Msangi AS, 1958. Observations on three species of Bulinus on the east coast of Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 52 :302–314.
-
30
McCullough FS, Eyakuze VM, Msinde J, Nditi H, 1968. Water resources and bilharziasis transmission in the Misungwi area, Mwanza District, north-west Tanzania. East Afr Med J 45 :295–308.
-
31
Pringle G, Otieno LH, Chimtawi MB, 1971. Notes on the morphology, susceptibility to Schistosoma haematobium and genetic relationships of Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus globosus and B.(P.) nasutus nasutus from north-eastern Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 65 :211–219.
-
32
Brown DS, 1994. Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
-
33
Wright CA, Rollinson D, Goll PH, 1979. Parasites in Bulinus senegalensis (Mollusca: Planorbidae) and their detection. Parasitology 79 :95–105.
-
34
Proctor EM, Gregory MA, 1974. An ultrastructural study of ova of Paragonimus species from human and cat faeces. S Afr Med J 48 :1947–1948.
-
35
Yousif F, Ibrahim A, 1978. The first record of Angiostrongylus cantonensis from Egypt. Z Parasitenkd 56 :73–80.
-
36
Jordan P, Christie JD, Unrau GO, 1980. Schistosomiasis transmission with particular reference to possible ecological and biological methods of control. A review. Acta Trop 37 :95–135.
-
37
Upatham ES, 1972. Interference by unsusceptible aquatic animals with the capacity of the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon to infect Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) under field-simulated conditions in St. Lucia, West Indies. J Helminthol 46 :277–283.
-
38
Malone JB, Huh OK, Fehler DP, Wilson PA, Wilensky DE, Holmes RA, Elmagdoub AI, 1994. Temperature data from satellite imagery and the distribution of schistosomiasis in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :714–722.
-
39
Barbour AD, 1996. Modeling the transmission of schistosomiasis: an introductory view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :135–143.
-
40
Lee KL, Lewis ER, 1976. Delay time models of population dynamics with application to schistosomiasis control. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 23 :225–233.
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DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND CERCARIAL SHEDDING OF BULINUS NASUTUS AND OTHER SNAILS IN THE MSAMBWENI AREA, COAST PROVINCE, KENYA
H. CURTIS KARIUKI
H. CURTIS KARIUKI
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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JULIE A. CLENNON
JULIE A. CLENNON
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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MELINDA S. BRADY
MELINDA S. BRADY
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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URIEL KITRON
URIEL KITRON
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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ROBERT F. STURROCK
ROBERT F. STURROCK
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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JOHN H. OUMA
JOHN H. OUMA
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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SAIDI TOSHA MALICK NDZOVU
SAIDI TOSHA MALICK NDZOVU
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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PETER MUNGAI
PETER MUNGAI
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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ORIT HOFFMAN
ORIT HOFFMAN
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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JOSEPH HAMBURGER
JOSEPH HAMBURGER
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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CARA PELLEGRINI
CARA PELLEGRINI
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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ERIC M. MUCHIRI
ERIC M. MUCHIRI
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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CHARLES H. KING
CHARLES H. KING
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Helminthology Unit, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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In the Msambweni area of the Kwale District in Kenya, an area endemic for Schistosoma haematobium, potential intermediate-host snails were systematically surveyed in water bodies associated with human contact that were previously surveyed in the 1980s. Bulinus (africanus) nasutus, which accounted for 67% of the snails collected, was the only snail shedding S. haematobium cercariae. Lanistes purpureus was the second most common snail (25%); lower numbers of Bulinus forskalii and Melanoides tuberculata were also recovered. Infection with non-S. haematobium trematodes was found among all snail species. Rainfall was significantly associated with the temporal distribution of all snail species: high numbers of Bulinus nasutus developed after extensive rainfall, followed, in turn, by increased S. haematobium shedding. Spatial distribution of snails was significantly clustered over a range of up to 1 km, with peak clustering observed at a distance of 400 meters. Water lily (Nymphaea spp.) and several aquatic grass species appeared necessary for local colonization by B. nasutus or L. purpureus.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
King CH, Keating CE, Muruka JF, Ouma JH, Houser H, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1988. Urinary tract morbidity in schistosomiasis haematobia: associations with age and intensity of infection in an endemic area of Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :361–368.
-
2
King CH, Lombardi G, Lombardi C, Greenblatt R, Hodder S, Kinyanjui H, Ouma J, Odiambo O, Bryan PJ, Muruka J, Magak P, Weinert D, Mackay W, Ransohoff D, Houser H, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AAF, 1988. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. I. Metrifonate versus praziquantel in control of intensity and prevalence of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :295–305.
-
3
Siongok TKA, Ouma JH, Houser HB, Warren KS, 1978. Quantification of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in relation to epidemiology and selective population chemotherapy. II Mass treatment with a single oral dose of metrifonate. J Infect Dis 138 :856–858.
-
4
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Kinoti SN, Oduori ML, 1984. Sensitivity and specificity of reagent strips in screening of Kenyan children for Schistosoma haematobium infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :862–871.
-
5
Muchiri EM, Ouma JH, King CH, 1996. Dynamics and control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in Kenya: an overview of the Msambweni Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :127–134.
-
6
Highton RB, Choudhry AW, 1974. The cost evaluation of mollusciciding operations on five irrigation schemes in Kenya. East Afr Med J 51 :180–193.
-
7
Brown DS, Jelnes JE, Kinoti GK, Ouma J, 1981. Distribution in Kenya of intermediate hosts of Schistosoma. Trop Geogr Med 33 :95–103.
-
8
Sturrock RF, 1965. Studies on the biology of Biomphalaria angulosa Mandahl-Barth and on its ability to act as an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 59 :1–9.
-
9
Joubert PH, Pretorius SJ, de Kock KN, van Eeden JA, 1986. Survival of Bulinus africanus (Krauss), Bulinus globosus (Morelet), and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) at constant high temperatures. S Afr J Zool 21 :85–88.
-
10
Cridland CC, 1955. The experimental infection of several species of African freshwater snails with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. J Trop Med Hyg 58 :1–11.
-
11
Southgate VR, Knowles RJ, 1977. On the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium from Western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 71 :82–83.
-
12
Mandahl-Barth G, 1958. The Intermediate Hosts of Schistosoma: African Biomphalaria and Bulinus. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
13
O’Keefe JH, 1985. Population biology of the freshwater snail Bulinus globosus on the Kenya coast: I. Population fluctuations in relation to climate. J Appl Ecol 22 :73–84.
-
14
Sturrock RF, Kinyanjui H, Thiongo FW, Tosha S, Ouma JH, King CH, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1990. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. 3. Snail studies monitoring the effect of chemotherapy on transmission in the Msambweni area, Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :257–261.
-
15
Ndela B, Madsen H, 2001. Laboratory and quasifield studies on interspecific competition between Bulinus globosus and B. tropicus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Afr J Aquatic Sci 26 :17–21.
-
16
Clennon JA, King CH, Muchiri EM, Kariuki HC, Ouma JH, Mungai P, Kitron U, 2004. Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :443–448.
-
17
el Kholy H, Arap Siongok TK, Koech D, Sturrock RF, Houser H, King CH, Mahmoud AA, 1989. Effects of borehole wells on water utilization in Schistosoma haematobium endemic communities in Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :212–219.
-
18
Ouma JH, Sturrock RF, Klumpp RK, Kariuki HC, 1989. A comparative evaluation of snail sampling and cercariometry to detect Schistosoma mansoni transmission in a large-scale, longitudinal field-study in Machakos, Kenya. Parasitology 99 :349–355.
-
19
Rollinson D, Stothard JR, Southgate VR, 2001. Interactions between intermediate snail hosts of the genus Bulinus and schistosomes of the Schistosoma haematobium group. Parasitology 123 (Suppl):S245–S260.
-
20
Frandsen F, Christensen NO, 1984. An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop 41 :181–202.
-
21
Chen D, Getis A, 1998. Point Pattern Analysis. San Diego, CA: Department of Geography, San Diego State University.
-
23
Getis A, 1984. Interaction modeling using second-order analysis. Environ Planning A 16 :173–183.
-
24
Getis A, Ord JK, 1996. Local spatial statistics: an overview. Longley P, Batty M, eds. Spatial Analysis: Modeling in a GIS Environment. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Geoinformation International, 261–277.
-
25
Pesigan TP, Hairston NG, Jauregui JJ, Garcia EG, Santos AT, Santos BC, Besa AA, 1958. Studies on Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Philippines. 2. The molluscan host. Bull World Health Organ 18 :481–578.
-
26
James DR, Morgan E, Candy DJ, 1990. Changes in ionic composition of media during culture of Bulinus tropicus and the relationship between ion concentrations and inhibition of growth and egg-laying. J Appl Ecol 27 :30–40.
-
27
Donnelly FA, Appleton CC, Schutte CH, 1983. The influence of salinity on certain aspects of the biology of Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus. Int J Parasitol 13 :539–545.
-
28
O’Keefe JH, 1985. Population biology of the freshwater snail Bulinus globosus on the Kenya coast II. Feeding and density effects on population parameters. J Appl Ecol 22 :85–90.
-
29
Webbe G, Msangi AS, 1958. Observations on three species of Bulinus on the east coast of Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 52 :302–314.
-
30
McCullough FS, Eyakuze VM, Msinde J, Nditi H, 1968. Water resources and bilharziasis transmission in the Misungwi area, Mwanza District, north-west Tanzania. East Afr Med J 45 :295–308.
-
31
Pringle G, Otieno LH, Chimtawi MB, 1971. Notes on the morphology, susceptibility to Schistosoma haematobium and genetic relationships of Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus globosus and B.(P.) nasutus nasutus from north-eastern Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 65 :211–219.
-
32
Brown DS, 1994. Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
-
33
Wright CA, Rollinson D, Goll PH, 1979. Parasites in Bulinus senegalensis (Mollusca: Planorbidae) and their detection. Parasitology 79 :95–105.
-
34
Proctor EM, Gregory MA, 1974. An ultrastructural study of ova of Paragonimus species from human and cat faeces. S Afr Med J 48 :1947–1948.
-
35
Yousif F, Ibrahim A, 1978. The first record of Angiostrongylus cantonensis from Egypt. Z Parasitenkd 56 :73–80.
-
36
Jordan P, Christie JD, Unrau GO, 1980. Schistosomiasis transmission with particular reference to possible ecological and biological methods of control. A review. Acta Trop 37 :95–135.
-
37
Upatham ES, 1972. Interference by unsusceptible aquatic animals with the capacity of the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon to infect Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) under field-simulated conditions in St. Lucia, West Indies. J Helminthol 46 :277–283.
-
38
Malone JB, Huh OK, Fehler DP, Wilson PA, Wilensky DE, Holmes RA, Elmagdoub AI, 1994. Temperature data from satellite imagery and the distribution of schistosomiasis in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :714–722.
-
39
Barbour AD, 1996. Modeling the transmission of schistosomiasis: an introductory view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :135–143.
-
40
Lee KL, Lewis ER, 1976. Delay time models of population dynamics with application to schistosomiasis control. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 23 :225–233.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 768 | 688 | 120 |
| Full Text Views | 446 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 181 | 4 | 0 |