ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Health Information for Travelers. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
-
2
Wolfe MS, 2000. Protection of Travelers. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 3246–3253.
-
3
Panackal AA, Hajjeh RA, Cetron MS, Warnock DW, 2002. Fungal infections among returning travelers. Clin Infec Dis 35 :1088–1095.
-
4
Anonymous, 2000. Coccidioidomycosis in travelers returning from Mexico-Pennsylvania, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49 :1004–1006.
-
5
Anonymous, 2001. Outbreak of acute respiratory febrile illness among college students-Acapulco, Mexico, March 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :261–262.
-
6
Anonymous, 2001. Update: outbreak of acute febrile respiratory illness among college students-Acapulco, Mexico, March 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :359–360.
-
7
Cairns L, Blythe D, Kao A, Pappagianis D, Kaufman L, Kobayashi J, Hajjeh R, 2000. Outbreak of coccidioidomycosis in Washington State residents returning from Mexico. Clin Infect Dis 30 :61–64.
-
8
Deepe GS, 2000. Histoplasma capsulatum. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principle and Practices of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2718–2731.
-
10
Emmons CW, 1958. Association of bats with histoplasmosis. Public Health Rep 73 :590–595.
-
11
Brodsky AL, Gregg MB, Loewenstein MS, Kaufman L, Mallison GF, 1973. Outbreak of histoplasmosis associated with the 1970 Earth day activities. Am J Med 54 :333–342.
-
12
Schlech WF III, Wheat LJ, Ho JL, French ML, Weeks RJ, Kohler RB, Deane CE, Eitzen HE, Band JD, 1983. Recurrent urban histoplasmosis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1980–1981. Am J Epidemiol 118 :301–312.
-
13
Storch G, Burford JG, George RB, Kaufman L, Ajello L, 1980. Acute histoplasmosis. Description of an outbreak in northern Louisiana. Chest 77 :38–42.
-
14
D’Alessio DJ, Heeren RH, Hendricks SL, Ogilvie P, Furcolow ML, 1965. A starling roost as the source of urban epidemic histoplasmosis in an area of low incidence. Am Rev Respir Dis 92 :725–731.
-
15
Stobierski MG, Hospedales CJ, Hall WN, Robinson-Dunn B, Hoch D, Sheill DA, 1996. Outbreak of histoplasmosis among employees in a paper factory-Michigan, 1993. J Clin Microbiol 34 :1220–1223.
-
16
Sacks JJ, Ajello L, Crockett LK, 1986. An outbreak and review of cave-associated histoplasmosis capsulati. J Med Vet Mycol 24 :313–325.
-
17
Suzaki A, Kimura M, Kimura S, Shimada K, Miyaji M, Kaufman L, 1995. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 69 :444–449.
-
18
Ashford DA, Hajjeh RA, Kelley MF, Kaufman L, Hutwagner L, McNeil MM, 1999. Outbreak of histoplasmosis among cavers attending the National Speleological Society Annual Convention, Texas, 1994. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :899–903.
-
19
Noel M, Levenes H, Duval P, Barbe C, Ramognino P, Verhaegen F, 1995. Epidemie d’histoplasmose pulmonaire apres visite d’une grotte en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Sante 5 :219–225.
-
20
Anonymous, 1988. Cave-associated histoplasmosis-Costa Rica. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 37 :312–313.
-
21
Lewis WC, 1989. Histoplasmosis: a hazard to new tropical cavers. Natl Speleological Soc Bull 51 :52–65.
-
22
Reiss E, Kaufman L, Kovacs JA, Lindsley MD, 2002. Clinical Immunomycology. Rose NR, Hamilton RG, Detrick B, eds. Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 559–583.
-
23
Palmer DF, Kaufman L, Kaplan W, Cavallaro JJ, 1977. Serodiagnosis of Mycotic Diseases. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
-
24
Kaufman L, Huppert M, Netto CF, Pollack JD, Restrepo A, 1974. Manual of Standardized Serodiagnostic Procedures for Systemic Mycoses. Part 2. Complement Fixation Tests. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization.
-
25
Durkin MM, Connolly PA, Wheat LJ, 1997. Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoassay methods for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum antigen. J Clin Microbiol 35 :2252–2255.
-
26
Emmons CW, 1961. Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from soil in Washington. Public Health Rep 76 :591–595.
-
27
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Travelers’ Health. http://www.cdc.gov/travel/diseases.html. July 29, 2002
-
28
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997. Histoplasmosis: Protecting Workers at Risk. http://cdc.gov/niosh/97-146.html. July 29, 2002.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 308 | 240 | 76 |
| Full Text Views | 382 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 112 | 3 | 1 |
HISTOPLASMOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPLORING A BAT-INHABITED CAVE IN COSTA RICA, 1998–1999
GEORGE M. LYON
GEORGE M. LYON
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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ANA V. BRAVO
ANA V. BRAVO
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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ARACELLY ESPINO
ARACELLY ESPINO
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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MARK D. LINDSLEY
MARK D. LINDSLEY
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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ROSA E. GUTIERREZ
ROSA E. GUTIERREZ
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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ISABEL RODRIGUEZ
ISABEL RODRIGUEZ
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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ANA CORELLA
ANA CORELLA
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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FLORA CARRILLO
FLORA CARRILLO
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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MICHAEL M. MCNEIL
MICHAEL M. MCNEIL
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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DAVID W. WARNOCK
DAVID W. WARNOCK
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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RANA A. HAJJEH
RANA A. HAJJEH
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centro Integrado de Salud de Coronado, San Isidro de Coronado, Costa Rica
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Between October 1998 and April 1999, 51 persons belonging to two separate groups developed acute pulmonary histoplasmosis after visiting a cave in Costa Rica. The first group consisted of 61 children and 14 adults from San Jose, Costa Rica; 44 (72%) were diagnosed with acute histoplasmosis. The second group comprised 14 tourists from the United States and Canada; 9 (64%) were diagnosed with histoplasmosis. After a median incubation time of 14 days, the most common symptoms were headache, fever, cough, and myalgias. Risk factors for developing histoplasmosis included crawling (odds ratio [OR] = 17.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3–802) and visiting one specific room (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.0–12.3) in the cave. Washing hands (OR = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.01–0.6) after exiting the cave was associated with a decreased risk of developing histoplasmosis. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from bat guano collected from inside the cave. Persons who explore caves, whether for recreation or science, should be aware of the risk bat-inhabited caves pose for developing histoplasmosis, especially if they are immunocompromised in any way.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Health Information for Travelers. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
-
2
Wolfe MS, 2000. Protection of Travelers. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 3246–3253.
-
3
Panackal AA, Hajjeh RA, Cetron MS, Warnock DW, 2002. Fungal infections among returning travelers. Clin Infec Dis 35 :1088–1095.
-
4
Anonymous, 2000. Coccidioidomycosis in travelers returning from Mexico-Pennsylvania, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49 :1004–1006.
-
5
Anonymous, 2001. Outbreak of acute respiratory febrile illness among college students-Acapulco, Mexico, March 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :261–262.
-
6
Anonymous, 2001. Update: outbreak of acute febrile respiratory illness among college students-Acapulco, Mexico, March 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :359–360.
-
7
Cairns L, Blythe D, Kao A, Pappagianis D, Kaufman L, Kobayashi J, Hajjeh R, 2000. Outbreak of coccidioidomycosis in Washington State residents returning from Mexico. Clin Infect Dis 30 :61–64.
-
8
Deepe GS, 2000. Histoplasma capsulatum. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principle and Practices of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2718–2731.
-
10
Emmons CW, 1958. Association of bats with histoplasmosis. Public Health Rep 73 :590–595.
-
11
Brodsky AL, Gregg MB, Loewenstein MS, Kaufman L, Mallison GF, 1973. Outbreak of histoplasmosis associated with the 1970 Earth day activities. Am J Med 54 :333–342.
-
12
Schlech WF III, Wheat LJ, Ho JL, French ML, Weeks RJ, Kohler RB, Deane CE, Eitzen HE, Band JD, 1983. Recurrent urban histoplasmosis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1980–1981. Am J Epidemiol 118 :301–312.
-
13
Storch G, Burford JG, George RB, Kaufman L, Ajello L, 1980. Acute histoplasmosis. Description of an outbreak in northern Louisiana. Chest 77 :38–42.
-
14
D’Alessio DJ, Heeren RH, Hendricks SL, Ogilvie P, Furcolow ML, 1965. A starling roost as the source of urban epidemic histoplasmosis in an area of low incidence. Am Rev Respir Dis 92 :725–731.
-
15
Stobierski MG, Hospedales CJ, Hall WN, Robinson-Dunn B, Hoch D, Sheill DA, 1996. Outbreak of histoplasmosis among employees in a paper factory-Michigan, 1993. J Clin Microbiol 34 :1220–1223.
-
16
Sacks JJ, Ajello L, Crockett LK, 1986. An outbreak and review of cave-associated histoplasmosis capsulati. J Med Vet Mycol 24 :313–325.
-
17
Suzaki A, Kimura M, Kimura S, Shimada K, Miyaji M, Kaufman L, 1995. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 69 :444–449.
-
18
Ashford DA, Hajjeh RA, Kelley MF, Kaufman L, Hutwagner L, McNeil MM, 1999. Outbreak of histoplasmosis among cavers attending the National Speleological Society Annual Convention, Texas, 1994. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :899–903.
-
19
Noel M, Levenes H, Duval P, Barbe C, Ramognino P, Verhaegen F, 1995. Epidemie d’histoplasmose pulmonaire apres visite d’une grotte en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Sante 5 :219–225.
-
20
Anonymous, 1988. Cave-associated histoplasmosis-Costa Rica. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 37 :312–313.
-
21
Lewis WC, 1989. Histoplasmosis: a hazard to new tropical cavers. Natl Speleological Soc Bull 51 :52–65.
-
22
Reiss E, Kaufman L, Kovacs JA, Lindsley MD, 2002. Clinical Immunomycology. Rose NR, Hamilton RG, Detrick B, eds. Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 559–583.
-
23
Palmer DF, Kaufman L, Kaplan W, Cavallaro JJ, 1977. Serodiagnosis of Mycotic Diseases. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
-
24
Kaufman L, Huppert M, Netto CF, Pollack JD, Restrepo A, 1974. Manual of Standardized Serodiagnostic Procedures for Systemic Mycoses. Part 2. Complement Fixation Tests. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization.
-
25
Durkin MM, Connolly PA, Wheat LJ, 1997. Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoassay methods for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum antigen. J Clin Microbiol 35 :2252–2255.
-
26
Emmons CW, 1961. Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from soil in Washington. Public Health Rep 76 :591–595.
-
27
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Travelers’ Health. http://www.cdc.gov/travel/diseases.html. July 29, 2002
-
28
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997. Histoplasmosis: Protecting Workers at Risk. http://cdc.gov/niosh/97-146.html. July 29, 2002.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 308 | 240 | 76 |
| Full Text Views | 382 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 112 | 3 | 1 |