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1
Chamberlin RW, Sudia WD, 1955. The effect of temperature upon the extrinsic incubation of eastern equine encephalitis in mosquitoes. Am J Hyg 62 :295–305.
-
2
Hardy JL, Houk EJ, Kramer LD, Reeves WC, 1983. Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses. Annu Rev Entomol 28 :229–262.
-
3
Kay BH, Fanning ID, Mottram P, 1989. Rearing temperature influences flavivirus vector competence of mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 3 :415–422.
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4
Finneys DJ, 1971. Probit Analysis. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 21.
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5
Banerjee K, Mourya DT, Malunjkar AS, 1988. Susceptibility and transmissibility of different geographical strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to Chikungunya virus. Indian J Med Res 87 :134–138.
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6
Mourya DT, Lande CB, Barde PV, Padbidri VS, Gokhale MD, 2000. Effect of higher temperatures on Ascogregarina culicis (Protozoa, Apicomplexa), the gregarine parasite of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Entomon 25 :151–154.
-
7
Mourya DT, Malunjkar AS, Banerjee K, 1987. Susceptibility and transmissibility of Aedes aegypti to four strains of Chikungunya virus. Indian J Med Res 86 :185–190.
-
8
Harada M, Matsuoka H, Suguri S, 1996. A convenient mosquito membrane feeding method. Med Entomol Zool 47 :103–105.
-
9
Ilkal MA, Dhanda V, Rodrigues JJ, Mohan Rao CVR, Mourya DT, 1984. Xenodiagnosis of laboratory acquired dengue infection by mosquito inoculation and immunofluorescence. Indian J Med Res 79 :587–590.
-
10
Nath BB, Lakhotia SC, 1989. Heat shock response in ovarian nurse cells of Anopheles stephensi. J Biosci 14 :143–153.
-
11
Lan Q, Fallon AM, 1990. Small heat shock proteins distinguishing between two mosquito species and confirm identity of their cell lines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :669–676.
-
12
Carvalho MGC, Rebello MA, Mezencio JMS, 1987. Effect of high temperature on Aedes albopictus cells infected with Mayaro virus. Braz J Med Res 20 :857–860.
-
13
Tatem J, Stollar V, 1989. Effect of Sindbis virus infection on induction of heat shock proteins in Aedes albopictus cells. J Virol 63 :992–996.
-
14
Mourya DT, Gokhale MD, Malunjkar AS, Bhat HR, Banerjee K, 1994. Inheritance of oral susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to chikungunya virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :295–300.
-
15
Mourya DT, Ranadive SN, Gokhale MD, Barde PV, Padbidri VS, Banerjee K, 1998. Putative chikungunya virus-specific receptors on the midgut brush border membrane of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Indian J Med Res 107 :10–15.
-
16
Samakovlis C, Kylsten P, Kimbrell DA, Engstrom A, Hultmark D, 1991. The andropin gene and its product, a male specific antibacterial peptide in Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO J 10 :163–169.
-
17
Hoffmann JA, Reichhart JM, Hetru C, 1996. Innate immunity in higher insects. Curr Opin Immunol. 8 :8–13.
-
18
Hultmark D, 1993. Immune reactions in Drosophila and other insects: a model for innate immunity. Trends Genet 9 :178–183.
-
19
Nayar JK, Knight JW, 1997. Hemagglutinins in Anopheles quadrimaculatus, strains susceptible and refractory to Brugia malayi, and their role in the immune response to filarial parasites. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 116 :109–117.
-
20
Hung SH, Lee PL, Chen HW, Chen LK, Kao CL, King CC, 1999. Analysis of the steps involved in dengue virus entry into host cells. Virology 257 :156–167.
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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE STRESS ON IMMATURE STAGES AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITOES TO CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS
D. T. MOURYA
D. T. MOURYA
National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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P. YADAV
P. YADAV
National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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A. C. MISHRA
A. C. MISHRA
National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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A high temperature stress of 44.5°C for 10 minutes on the larval stages was found to affect the susceptibility of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to chikungunya virus. At this temperature, the mortality of the mosquito larvae was found to be approximately 95%, whereas a temperature greater than 45°C for 10 minutes was found to be lethal. A temperature tolerant (TT) strain was developed by exposing the larvae to a temperature of 44.5°C for 10 minutes at every generation for five generations. This strain was established to determine whether increase in the susceptibility was due to any selection pressure of higher temperature or to the influence of other intrinsic factors such as expression of immunoresponsive (IR) genes. Other studies on these mosquito strains showed that when maintained at 28 ± 1°C, there was no difference in the larval duration and mortality in the immature stages, but the mean survival of female mosquitoes in the TT strain was 5–6 days longer. Conversely, when mosquitoes were maintained throughout at 37°C the mean survival of the mosquitoes decreased drastically in both strains, but the mean survival of females in the TT strain was 5–6 days longer compared with the unstressed controls. This increases the probability of at least one more blood meal. Fecundity of the TT strain was found to be lower than that of the control mosquitoes. Data suggest that expression of certain IR genes was affected by the heat shock. Some of these genes were up-regulated and down-regulated, which may have affected the susceptibility of mosquitoes to the virus. Although there was some selection in the temperature-tolerant individuals in the TT strain, when stressed by heat they showed expression of IR genes in a pattern similar to that in the normal controls. It appears that an increase in temperature above the average temperature of an area might help increase the proportion of virus-susceptible mosquitoes in the population. Such an increase in temperature in an endemic area would not only enhance the selection of temperature-tolerant individuals in a population having more longevity, but would also affect both intrinsic and extrinsic factors by reducing the extrinsic incubation period and increasing susceptibility of mosquitoes to viruses due to affected expression of IR genes.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Chamberlin RW, Sudia WD, 1955. The effect of temperature upon the extrinsic incubation of eastern equine encephalitis in mosquitoes. Am J Hyg 62 :295–305.
-
2
Hardy JL, Houk EJ, Kramer LD, Reeves WC, 1983. Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses. Annu Rev Entomol 28 :229–262.
-
3
Kay BH, Fanning ID, Mottram P, 1989. Rearing temperature influences flavivirus vector competence of mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 3 :415–422.
-
4
Finneys DJ, 1971. Probit Analysis. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 21.
-
5
Banerjee K, Mourya DT, Malunjkar AS, 1988. Susceptibility and transmissibility of different geographical strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to Chikungunya virus. Indian J Med Res 87 :134–138.
-
6
Mourya DT, Lande CB, Barde PV, Padbidri VS, Gokhale MD, 2000. Effect of higher temperatures on Ascogregarina culicis (Protozoa, Apicomplexa), the gregarine parasite of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Entomon 25 :151–154.
-
7
Mourya DT, Malunjkar AS, Banerjee K, 1987. Susceptibility and transmissibility of Aedes aegypti to four strains of Chikungunya virus. Indian J Med Res 86 :185–190.
-
8
Harada M, Matsuoka H, Suguri S, 1996. A convenient mosquito membrane feeding method. Med Entomol Zool 47 :103–105.
-
9
Ilkal MA, Dhanda V, Rodrigues JJ, Mohan Rao CVR, Mourya DT, 1984. Xenodiagnosis of laboratory acquired dengue infection by mosquito inoculation and immunofluorescence. Indian J Med Res 79 :587–590.
-
10
Nath BB, Lakhotia SC, 1989. Heat shock response in ovarian nurse cells of Anopheles stephensi. J Biosci 14 :143–153.
-
11
Lan Q, Fallon AM, 1990. Small heat shock proteins distinguishing between two mosquito species and confirm identity of their cell lines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :669–676.
-
12
Carvalho MGC, Rebello MA, Mezencio JMS, 1987. Effect of high temperature on Aedes albopictus cells infected with Mayaro virus. Braz J Med Res 20 :857–860.
-
13
Tatem J, Stollar V, 1989. Effect of Sindbis virus infection on induction of heat shock proteins in Aedes albopictus cells. J Virol 63 :992–996.
-
14
Mourya DT, Gokhale MD, Malunjkar AS, Bhat HR, Banerjee K, 1994. Inheritance of oral susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to chikungunya virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :295–300.
-
15
Mourya DT, Ranadive SN, Gokhale MD, Barde PV, Padbidri VS, Banerjee K, 1998. Putative chikungunya virus-specific receptors on the midgut brush border membrane of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Indian J Med Res 107 :10–15.
-
16
Samakovlis C, Kylsten P, Kimbrell DA, Engstrom A, Hultmark D, 1991. The andropin gene and its product, a male specific antibacterial peptide in Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO J 10 :163–169.
-
17
Hoffmann JA, Reichhart JM, Hetru C, 1996. Innate immunity in higher insects. Curr Opin Immunol. 8 :8–13.
-
18
Hultmark D, 1993. Immune reactions in Drosophila and other insects: a model for innate immunity. Trends Genet 9 :178–183.
-
19
Nayar JK, Knight JW, 1997. Hemagglutinins in Anopheles quadrimaculatus, strains susceptible and refractory to Brugia malayi, and their role in the immune response to filarial parasites. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 116 :109–117.
-
20
Hung SH, Lee PL, Chen HW, Chen LK, Kao CL, King CC, 1999. Analysis of the steps involved in dengue virus entry into host cells. Virology 257 :156–167.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1399 | 1217 | 261 |
| Full Text Views | 337 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 188 | 11 | 0 |