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-
1
Brenner FW, Villar RG, Angulo FJ, Tauxe R, Swaminathan B, 2000. Salmonella nomenclature. J Clin Microbiol 38 :2465–2467.
-
2
World Health Organization, 1996. The World Health Report 1996: Fighting Disease, Fostering Development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Crump JA, Youssef FG, Luby SP, Wasfy FG, Rangel JM, Oun SA, Mahoney FJ, 2003. Estimating the incidence of typhoid fever and other febrile illnesses in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :539–544.
-
4
Wahdan MH, Sippel JE, Mikhail IA, Rahka AE, Anderson ES, Sparks HA, Cvjetanovic B, 1975. Controlled field trial of a typhoid vaccine prepared with a nonmotile mutant of Salmonella typhi Ty2. Bull World Health Organ 52 :69–73.
-
5
Wahdan MH, Serie C, Germanier R, Lackany A, Cerisier Y, Guerin N, Sallam S, Geoffroy P, Sadek el Tantawi A, Guesry P, 1980. A controlled field trial of live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a. Bull World Health Organ 58 :469–474.
-
6
Wahdan MH, Serie C, Cerisier Y, Sallam S, Germanier R, 1982. A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results. J Infect Dis 145 :292–295.
-
7
Archibald LK, Reller LB, 2001. Clinical microbiology in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :302–305.
-
8
Edelman R, Levine MM, 1986. Summary of an international workshop on typhoid fever. Rev Infect Dis 8 :329–349.
-
9
Widal F, 1896. Serodiagnostique de la fievre typhoide. La Semaine Medicale 16 :259.
-
10
Grunbaum AS, 1904. Some experiments on enterica, scarlet fever, and measles in the chimpanzee. BMJ 1 :817–819.
-
11
Sen R, Saxena SN, Deb WC, Varghese A, 1969. Salmonella typhi ‘O’ agglutinin titres in human sera with differently prepared suspensions in the conventional Widal test. Indian J Exp Biol 7 :180–181.
-
12
Talwar GP, Banerjee K, Reddi PP, Sharma M, Qadri A, Gupta SK, Mukherjee R, Ray R, Ghosh S, Deka N, Sharma MD, Aparna K, Khandekar PS, 1992. Diagnostics for the tropical countries. J Immunol Methods 150 :121–132.
-
13
Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Lopez-Vidal Y, Puente JL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Calva E, 1993. Early diagnosis of typhoid fever by an enzyme immunoassay using Salmonella typhi outer membrane protein preparations. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 12 :248–254.
-
14
Fattah MMA, Hassan EM, Shaheen HI, Awad RA, Girgis NI, 1991. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Salmonella typhi antigen and antibodies. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 66 :145–151.
-
15
Sippel JE, Mamay HK, Weiss E, Joseph SW, Beasley WJ, 1978. Outer membrane protein antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Salmonella enteric fever and meningococcal meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 7 :372–378.
-
16
Carlsson HE, Lindberg AA, Hammarstrom S, Ljunggren A, 1975. Quantitation of Salmonella O-antibodies in human sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Int Arch Appl Immunol 48 :485–494.
-
17
Bhutta ZA, Mansurali N, 1999. Rapid serologic diagnosis of paediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :654–657.
-
18
Choo KE, Davis TME, Ismail A, Tuan Ibrahim TA, Ghazali WNW, 1999. Rapid and reliable serological diagnosis of enteric fever: comparative sensitivity and specificity of Typhidot and Typhidot-M tests in febrile Malaysian children. Acta Trop 72 :175–183.
-
19
House D, Wain J, Ho VA, Diep TS, Chinh NT, Bay PV, Vinh H, Duc M, Parry CM, Dougan G, White NJ, Hien TH, Farrar JJ, 2001. Serology of typhoid fever in an area of endemicity and its relevance to diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 39 :1002–1007.
-
20
Lim PL, Tam FC, Cheong YM, Jegathesan M, 1998. One-step 2-minute test to detect typhoid specific antibodies based on particle separation tubes. J Clin Microbiol 36 :2271–2278.
-
21
Rockhill RC, Rumans LW, Lesmana M, Dennis DT, 1980. Detection of Salmonella typhi D, Vi, and d antigens, by slide coagglutination, in urine from patients with typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 11 :213–216.
-
22
Taylor DN, Harris JR, Barrett TJ, Hargrett NT, Prentzel I, Valdivieso C, Palomino C, Levine M, Blake PA, 1983. Detection of urinary Vi antigen as a diagnostic test for typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 18 :872–876.
-
23
Araj GF, Chigh TD, 1987. Detection of Salmonella spp in clinical specimens by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 25 :2150–2153.
-
24
Barrett TJ, Snyder JD, Blake PA, Feeley JC, 1982. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Salmonella typhi Vi antigen in urine from typhoid patients. J Clin Microbiol 15 :235–237.
-
25
Banchuin N, Appassakij H, Sarasombath S, Manatsathit S, Rungpitarangi B, Komolpit P, Sukosol T, 1987. Detection of Salmonella typhi protein antigen in serum and urine: a value for diagnosis of typhoid fever in an endemic area. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 5 :155–159.
-
26
Chaicumpa W, Thin-Inta W, Khusmith S, Tapchaisri P, Echeverria P, Kalambaheti T, Chongsa-Nguan M, 1988. Detection with monoclonal antibody of Salmonella typhi antigen 9 in specimens from patients. J Clin Microbiol 26 :1824–1830.
-
27
Chaicumpa W, Ruangkunaporn Y, Burr D, Chongsa-Nguan M, Echeverria P, 1992. Diagnosis of typhoid fever by detection of Salmonella typhi antigen in urine. J Clin Microbiol 30 :2513–2515.
-
28
Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, 1999. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1930 | 1843 | 102 |
| Full Text Views | 338 | 12 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 127 | 9 | 2 |
RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY DETECTION OF SALMONELLA SEROTYPE TYPHI ANTIGENS IN URINE
MOUSTAFA ABDEL FADEEL
MOUSTAFA ABDEL FADEEL
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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JOHN A. CRUMP
JOHN A. CRUMP
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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FRANK J. MAHONEY
FRANK J. MAHONEY
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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ISABELLE A. NAKHLA
ISABELLE A. NAKHLA
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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ADEL M. MANSOUR
ADEL M. MANSOUR
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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BAHEIA REYAD
BAHEIA REYAD
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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DAWLAT EL MELEGI
DAWLAT EL MELEGI
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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YEHIA SULTAN
YEHIA SULTAN
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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ERIC D. MINTZ
ERIC D. MINTZ
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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WILLIAM F. BIBB
WILLIAM F. BIBB
Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Cairo, Egypt; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, and Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculties of Science and Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Abbasia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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We developed and evaluated an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies to capture somatic antigen 9 (O9), flagellar antigen d (Hd), and the Vi capsular polysaccharide antigen (Vi) from the urine of persons with and without typhoid fever. Sequential urine samples were collected from 44 patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever and from two control groups. The first control group included patients with brucellosis (n = 12) and those with clinically diagnosed, non-typhoid, acute, febrile illness (n = 27). The second control group was a sample of healthy volunteer laboratory workers (n = 11). When assessed relative to date of fever onset, sensitivity was highest during the first week for all three antigens: Vi was detected in the urine of nine (100%) patients, O9 in 4 (44%) patients, and Hd in 4 (44%) patients. Sequential testing of two urine samples from the same patient improved test sensitivity. Combined testing for Vi with O9 and Hd produced a trend towards increased sensitivity without compromising specificity. The specificity for Vi exceeded 90% when assessed among both febrile and healthy control subjects, but was only 25% when assessed among patients with brucellosis. Detection of urinary Vi antigen with this ELISA shows promise for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, particularly when used within the first week after fever onset. However, positive reactions for Vi antigen in patients with brucellosis must be understood before urinary Vi antigen detection can be developed further as a useful rapid diagnostic test.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Brenner FW, Villar RG, Angulo FJ, Tauxe R, Swaminathan B, 2000. Salmonella nomenclature. J Clin Microbiol 38 :2465–2467.
-
2
World Health Organization, 1996. The World Health Report 1996: Fighting Disease, Fostering Development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Crump JA, Youssef FG, Luby SP, Wasfy FG, Rangel JM, Oun SA, Mahoney FJ, 2003. Estimating the incidence of typhoid fever and other febrile illnesses in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :539–544.
-
4
Wahdan MH, Sippel JE, Mikhail IA, Rahka AE, Anderson ES, Sparks HA, Cvjetanovic B, 1975. Controlled field trial of a typhoid vaccine prepared with a nonmotile mutant of Salmonella typhi Ty2. Bull World Health Organ 52 :69–73.
-
5
Wahdan MH, Serie C, Germanier R, Lackany A, Cerisier Y, Guerin N, Sallam S, Geoffroy P, Sadek el Tantawi A, Guesry P, 1980. A controlled field trial of live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a. Bull World Health Organ 58 :469–474.
-
6
Wahdan MH, Serie C, Cerisier Y, Sallam S, Germanier R, 1982. A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results. J Infect Dis 145 :292–295.
-
7
Archibald LK, Reller LB, 2001. Clinical microbiology in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :302–305.
-
8
Edelman R, Levine MM, 1986. Summary of an international workshop on typhoid fever. Rev Infect Dis 8 :329–349.
-
9
Widal F, 1896. Serodiagnostique de la fievre typhoide. La Semaine Medicale 16 :259.
-
10
Grunbaum AS, 1904. Some experiments on enterica, scarlet fever, and measles in the chimpanzee. BMJ 1 :817–819.
-
11
Sen R, Saxena SN, Deb WC, Varghese A, 1969. Salmonella typhi ‘O’ agglutinin titres in human sera with differently prepared suspensions in the conventional Widal test. Indian J Exp Biol 7 :180–181.
-
12
Talwar GP, Banerjee K, Reddi PP, Sharma M, Qadri A, Gupta SK, Mukherjee R, Ray R, Ghosh S, Deka N, Sharma MD, Aparna K, Khandekar PS, 1992. Diagnostics for the tropical countries. J Immunol Methods 150 :121–132.
-
13
Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Lopez-Vidal Y, Puente JL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Calva E, 1993. Early diagnosis of typhoid fever by an enzyme immunoassay using Salmonella typhi outer membrane protein preparations. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 12 :248–254.
-
14
Fattah MMA, Hassan EM, Shaheen HI, Awad RA, Girgis NI, 1991. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Salmonella typhi antigen and antibodies. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 66 :145–151.
-
15
Sippel JE, Mamay HK, Weiss E, Joseph SW, Beasley WJ, 1978. Outer membrane protein antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Salmonella enteric fever and meningococcal meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 7 :372–378.
-
16
Carlsson HE, Lindberg AA, Hammarstrom S, Ljunggren A, 1975. Quantitation of Salmonella O-antibodies in human sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Int Arch Appl Immunol 48 :485–494.
-
17
Bhutta ZA, Mansurali N, 1999. Rapid serologic diagnosis of paediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :654–657.
-
18
Choo KE, Davis TME, Ismail A, Tuan Ibrahim TA, Ghazali WNW, 1999. Rapid and reliable serological diagnosis of enteric fever: comparative sensitivity and specificity of Typhidot and Typhidot-M tests in febrile Malaysian children. Acta Trop 72 :175–183.
-
19
House D, Wain J, Ho VA, Diep TS, Chinh NT, Bay PV, Vinh H, Duc M, Parry CM, Dougan G, White NJ, Hien TH, Farrar JJ, 2001. Serology of typhoid fever in an area of endemicity and its relevance to diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 39 :1002–1007.
-
20
Lim PL, Tam FC, Cheong YM, Jegathesan M, 1998. One-step 2-minute test to detect typhoid specific antibodies based on particle separation tubes. J Clin Microbiol 36 :2271–2278.
-
21
Rockhill RC, Rumans LW, Lesmana M, Dennis DT, 1980. Detection of Salmonella typhi D, Vi, and d antigens, by slide coagglutination, in urine from patients with typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 11 :213–216.
-
22
Taylor DN, Harris JR, Barrett TJ, Hargrett NT, Prentzel I, Valdivieso C, Palomino C, Levine M, Blake PA, 1983. Detection of urinary Vi antigen as a diagnostic test for typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 18 :872–876.
-
23
Araj GF, Chigh TD, 1987. Detection of Salmonella spp in clinical specimens by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 25 :2150–2153.
-
24
Barrett TJ, Snyder JD, Blake PA, Feeley JC, 1982. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Salmonella typhi Vi antigen in urine from typhoid patients. J Clin Microbiol 15 :235–237.
-
25
Banchuin N, Appassakij H, Sarasombath S, Manatsathit S, Rungpitarangi B, Komolpit P, Sukosol T, 1987. Detection of Salmonella typhi protein antigen in serum and urine: a value for diagnosis of typhoid fever in an endemic area. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 5 :155–159.
-
26
Chaicumpa W, Thin-Inta W, Khusmith S, Tapchaisri P, Echeverria P, Kalambaheti T, Chongsa-Nguan M, 1988. Detection with monoclonal antibody of Salmonella typhi antigen 9 in specimens from patients. J Clin Microbiol 26 :1824–1830.
-
27
Chaicumpa W, Ruangkunaporn Y, Burr D, Chongsa-Nguan M, Echeverria P, 1992. Diagnosis of typhoid fever by detection of Salmonella typhi antigen in urine. J Clin Microbiol 30 :2513–2515.
-
28
Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, 1999. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1930 | 1843 | 102 |
| Full Text Views | 338 | 12 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 127 | 9 | 2 |