ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 1993. Counterfeit drugs. Bull World Health Organ 71 :464–466.
-
2
Editorial, 1997. Quality control and essential drugs. Lancet 350 :601.
-
3
Afu S, 1999. Incidence of substandard drugs in developing countries (letter). Trop Med Int Health 4 :73.
-
4
Reithinger R, 2001. Bogus antimalarials: a forgotten tale. Trends Parasitol 17 :359.
-
5
Wondemagegnehu E, 1999. Counterfeit and Substandard Drugs in Myanmar and Vietnam. Report of a study carried out in cooperation with the Governments of Myanmar and Vietnam. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/EDM/QSM/99.3.
-
6
Roy J, 1994. The menace of substandard drugs. World Health Forum 15 :406–407.
-
7
Petralanda I, 1995. Quality of antimalarial drugs and resistance to Plasmodium vivax in Amazonian region (letter). Lancet 345 :1433.
-
8
Kidane G, Morrow RH, 2000. Teaching mothers to provide home treatment of malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia: a randomised trial. Lancet 356 :550–555.
-
9
World Health Organization, 2000. A Focused Research Agenda to Influence Policy and Practice in Home Management for Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization. TDR/IDE/MHM/00.1.
-
10
Mount DL, Nahlen BL, Patchen LC, Churchill FC, 1989. Adaptations of the Saker-Solomons test: simple, reliable colorimetric field assays for chloroquine and its metabolites in urine. Bull World Health Organ 67 :295–300.
-
11
Ringwald P, Same Ekobo A, Keundjian A, Kedy Mangamba D, Basco LK, 2000. Chemoresistance of Plasmodium falciparum in urban areas of Yaounde, Cameroon. Part 1: Surveillance of in vitro and in vivo resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine from 1994 to 1999 in Yaounde, Cameroon. Trop Med Int Health 5 :612–619.
-
12
Jähnke RWO, 1999. A Concise Quality Control Guide on Essential Drugs. Supplement to Volume I on Colour Reactions. Frankfurt: German Pharma Health Fund e. V.
-
13
Pachaly P, Büse E, Treitner A, Schick W, Radau G, 1994. Simple Thin-Layer Chromatographic Identification of Active Ingredients in Essential Drugs. ECV-Edition. Aulendorf, Germany: Cantor Verlag.
-
14
Kenyon AS, Layloff TP, 1994. Rapid Screening of Pharmaceuticals by Thin-Layer Chromatography. St. Louis, MO: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Drug Analysis.
-
15
Jähnke RWO, Pachaly P, Gobina PN, 1998. A Concise Quality Control Guide on Essential Drugs. Volume II. Thin-Layer Chromatography. Frankfurt: German Pharma Health Fund e. V.
-
16
Jähnke RWO, 1999. A Concise Quality Control Guide on Essential Drugs. Supplement to Volume II on Thin-Layer Chromatography. Frankfurt: German Pharma Health Fund e. V.
-
17
Jähnke RWO, Schuster A, 2002. A Concise Quality Control Guide on Essential Drugs and Other Medicines. Second Supplement to Volume II on Thin-Layer Chromatography. Frankfurt: German Pharma Health Fund e. V.
-
18
World Health Organization, 1999. Counterfeit Drugs. Guidelines for the Development of Measures to Combat Counterfeit Drugs. Geneva, World Health Organization. WHO/EDM/QSM/99.1.
-
19
Abdi YA, Rimoy G, Ericsson O, Alm C, Massele AY, 1995. Quality of chloroquine preparations marketed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (letter). Lancet 346 :1161.
-
20
Shakoor O, Taylor RB, Behrens RH, 1997. Assessment of the incidence of substandard drugs in developing countries. Trop Med Int Health 2 :839–845.
-
21
Ogwal-Okeng JW, Okello DO, Odyek O, 1998. Quality of oral and parenteral chloroquine in Kampala. East Afr Med J 75 :692–694.
-
22
Taylor RB, Shakoor O, Behrens RH, Everard M, Low AS, Wangboonskul J, Reid RG, Kolawole JA, 2001. Pharmacopoeial quality of drugs supplied by Nigerian pharmacies. Lancet 357 :1933–1936.
-
23
Kenyon TA, Kenyon AS, Sibiya T, 1994. Drug quality screening in developing countries: establishment of an appropriate laboratory in Swaziland. Bull World Health Organ 72 :615–620.
-
24
Basco LK, Ringwald P, Bilongo Manéné A, Chandenier J, 1997. False chloroquine resistance in Africa (letter). Lancet 350 :224.
-
25
Ringwald P, Bickii J, Basco LK, 1996. Randomised trial of pyronaridine versus chloroquine for acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Africa. Lancet 347 :24–28.
-
26
Rogendaal J, 2001. Fake antimalaria drugs in Cambodia (letter). Lancet 357 :890.
-
27
Newton P, Proux S, Green M, Smithuis F, Rozendaal J, Prakongpan S, Chotivanich K, Mayxay M, Looareesuwan S, Farrar J, Nosten F, White NJ, 2001. Fake artesunate in southeast Asia. Lancet 357: 1948–1950.
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA IN CAMEROON. XIX. QUALITY OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS USED FOR SELF-MEDICATION
Substandard and counterfeit pharmaceutical products are increasingly circulating and distributed around the world, in particular in less developed countries. These low-quality or counterfeit products often involve drugs that are in high demand for the prevention and treatment of highly prevalent diseases, such as antimalarial drugs in endemic countries. Self-medication for presumed malarial infections with drugs purchased from unofficial drug vendors is a common practice in Africa. The aim of the study was to investigate the quality of chloroquine, quinine, and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine obtained from illegitimate sector in urban and rural areas in Cameroon and analyze the impact of these drugs on patients. We collected 284 samples of three antimalarial drugs from 132 different sources in 16 villages and cities throughout the country. We also collected antimalarial drugs that were used for self-medication by malaria-infected patients. Drug quality was assessed by a simple color reaction test and semi-quantitative thin-layer chromatography. Fifty (38%) of 133 chloroquine, 52 (74%) of 70 quinine, and 10 (12%) of 81 antifolates had either no active ingredient, an insufficient active ingredient, the wrong ingredient, or unknown ingredient(s). Self-medication with antimalarial drugs purchased from unofficial vendors is not a reliable strategy to diminish morbidity and mortality. These counterfeit drugs contribute to the spread of drug-resistant malaria parasites and may lead to increasing therapeutic failure and medical expense.