Walsh JA, 1986. Problems in recognition and diagnosis of amoebiasis: estimation of the global magnitude of morbidity and mortality. Rev Infect Dis 8 :228–238.
World Health Organization, 1997. Amoebiasis. Report on the WHO/Pan American Health Organization/ UNESCO Expert Consultation, Mexico City. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72 :97–100.
Okazaki M, Miranda P, Neto J, Diegues V, Alves J, Cauas M, Tanabe M, Kobayashi S, Tateno S, Takeuchi T, 1988. Parasitological and serological studies on amoebiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in Recife and its suburban area, northeast Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 30 :313–321.
Nozaki T, Aca IS, Okuzawa E, Magalhães M, Tateno S, Takeuchi T, 1990. Zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in the Amazon and the northeast of Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :387–388.
Aca IS, França JR, Nozaki T, Freitas GB, Tateno S, 1993. Entamoeba histolytica zymodemes in children of Osasco. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 35 :581–582.
Aca IS, Kobayashi S, Carvalho LB Jr, Tateno S, Takeuchi T, 1994. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica in three different regions of Pernambuco. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 36 :519–524.
Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Paz KC, Aca IS, Tateno S, Ihara S, 1992b. Analysis of pathogenicity by restriction-endonuclease digestion of amplified genomic DNA of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in Pernambuco, Brazil. Parasitol Res 78 :433–436.
Braga LL, Lima AL, Sears CL, Newman RD, Wuhib T, Paiva CA, Guerrant RL, Mann BJ, 1996. Seroepidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in a slum in northeast Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 55 :693–697.
Maddison SE, 1965. Characterization of Entamoeba histolytica antigen-antibody reaction by gel diffusion. Exp Parasitol 16 :224–235.
Patterson M, Healy GR, Shabot JM, 1980. Serologic testing for amoebiasis. Gastroenterology 78 :136–141.
Singh B, 1997. Molecular methods for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of parasitic infections. Int J Parasitol 27 :1135–1145.
Wonsit R, Thammapalerd N, Tharavanij S, Radomyos P, Bunnag D, 1992. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica antigens in faecal specimens. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :166–169.
Mackenstedt U, Johnson AM, 1995. Genetic differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 81 :217–221.
Haque R, Kress K, Wood S, Jackson TFHG, Lyerly D, Petri WA Jr, 1993. Diagnosis of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica infection using a stool ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies to the galactose-specific adhesin. J Infect Dis 167 :247–249.
Shenai BR, Komalam BL, Arvind AS, 1996. Recombinant antigen-based avidin-biotin microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of invasive amebiasis. J Clin Microbiol 34 :828–833.
Mirelman D, Nuchamowitz Y, Stolarsky T, 1997. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kits and PCR amplification of rRNA genes for simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar. J Clin Microbiol 5 :2405–2407.
Clark CG, Diamond LS, 1991. Ribosomal RNA genes of ‘pathogenic’ and ‘nonpathogenic’ Entamoeba histolytica are distinct. Mol Biochem Parasitol 47 :297–302.
Novati S, Sironi M, Granata S, Bruno A, Gatti S, Scaglia M, Bandi C, 1996. Direct sequencing of the PCR amplified SSU rRNA gene of Entamoeba dispar and the design of primers for rapid differentiation from Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitology 112 :363–369.
Myjak P, Kur J, Pietkiewicz H, 1997. Usefulness of new DNA extraction procedure for PCR technique in species identification of Entamoeba isolates. Wiad Parazytol 43 :163–170.
Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Nagakura K, Kaneda Y, Takeuchi T, 1991. Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to species-specific antigens of Entamoeba histolytica. J Protozool 38 :329–334.
Cheng XJ, Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Kaneda Y, Huang MY, 1993. Pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica isolates from Shangai, China. Parasitol Res 79 :608–610.
Rivera WL, Tachibana H, Silva-Tahat MRA, Haruki U, Kanbara H, 1996. Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar DNA from cysts present in stool specimens by polymerase chain reaction: its field application in the Philippines. Parasitol Res 82 :585–589.
Tachibana H, Cheng XJ, Kobayashi S, Matsubayashi N, Goth S, Matsubayashi K, 2001. High prevalence of infection with Entamoeba dispar but not E. histolytica, in captive macaques. Parasitol Res 87 :14–17.
Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Takekoshi M, Ihara S, 1991. Distinguishing pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of Entamoeba histolytica by polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 164 :825–826.
Zaman S, Khoo J, Ng SW, Ahmed R, Khan MA, Hussain R, Zaman V, 2000. Direct amplification of Entamoeba histolytica DNA from amoebic liver abscess pus using polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 86 :101–109.
Hoffman WA, Pons JA, Janer JL, 1934. The sedimentation concentration method in schistosomiasis mansoni. J Public Health Trop Med 9 :283–298.
Ritchie LS, 1948. An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examination. Bull USA Med Dept 8 :326.
Robinson GI, 1968. The laboratory diagnosis of human parasitic amoeba. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 62 :285–293.
Haque R, Neville LM, Hahn P, Petri WA Jr, 1995. Rapid diagnosis of Entamoeba infection by using Entamoeba and Entamoeba histolytica stool antigen detection kits. J Clin Microbiol 33 :2558–2561.
Sehgal R, Abd-Alla M, Moody AH, Chiodini PL, Ackers JP, 1995. Comparison of two media for the isolation and short-term culture of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :394.
Alencar LCA, Magalhães V, Melo VM, Aca IS, Magalhães M, Kobayashi S, 1996. Ausência de amebíase invasiva em aidéticos homossexuais masculinos. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 29 :319–322.
Lima TA, Aca IS, Magalhães V, Melo V, Lima RA, Magalhães M, 1998. Etiologia dos abscessos hepáticos criptogenéticos. Arq Bras Med 72 :141–145.
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Previous studies using methods varying from traditional serologic tests to molecular biology techniques have shown that in northeastern Brazil, Entamoeba dispar was more prevalent than E. histolytica. In this study, the prevalence was established by using E. histolytica stool antigen detection kits and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with genomic DNA extracted from cultured trophozoites in all four-nuclei, amoeba-positive samples from a population living in Macaparana in northeastern Brazil. Among 1,437 stool samples analyzed, only 59 (4.1%) were positive for four nuclei amoeba. However, all of these samples were negative in an immunoenzymatic assay for the presence of E. histolytica-specific galactose adhesin. Of 59 cultivated samples, only 31 showed trophozoites. Extraction of DNA from these 31 samples, followed by the PCR, showed that 23 samples (74.19%) were positive for E. dispar and no amplification was observed for pathogenic E. histolytica. The remaining eight samples were negative for both species. These findings are consistent with those previously reported.
Walsh JA, 1986. Problems in recognition and diagnosis of amoebiasis: estimation of the global magnitude of morbidity and mortality. Rev Infect Dis 8 :228–238.
World Health Organization, 1997. Amoebiasis. Report on the WHO/Pan American Health Organization/ UNESCO Expert Consultation, Mexico City. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72 :97–100.
Okazaki M, Miranda P, Neto J, Diegues V, Alves J, Cauas M, Tanabe M, Kobayashi S, Tateno S, Takeuchi T, 1988. Parasitological and serological studies on amoebiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in Recife and its suburban area, northeast Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 30 :313–321.
Nozaki T, Aca IS, Okuzawa E, Magalhães M, Tateno S, Takeuchi T, 1990. Zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in the Amazon and the northeast of Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :387–388.
Aca IS, França JR, Nozaki T, Freitas GB, Tateno S, 1993. Entamoeba histolytica zymodemes in children of Osasco. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 35 :581–582.
Aca IS, Kobayashi S, Carvalho LB Jr, Tateno S, Takeuchi T, 1994. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica in three different regions of Pernambuco. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 36 :519–524.
Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Paz KC, Aca IS, Tateno S, Ihara S, 1992b. Analysis of pathogenicity by restriction-endonuclease digestion of amplified genomic DNA of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in Pernambuco, Brazil. Parasitol Res 78 :433–436.
Braga LL, Lima AL, Sears CL, Newman RD, Wuhib T, Paiva CA, Guerrant RL, Mann BJ, 1996. Seroepidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in a slum in northeast Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 55 :693–697.
Maddison SE, 1965. Characterization of Entamoeba histolytica antigen-antibody reaction by gel diffusion. Exp Parasitol 16 :224–235.
Patterson M, Healy GR, Shabot JM, 1980. Serologic testing for amoebiasis. Gastroenterology 78 :136–141.
Singh B, 1997. Molecular methods for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of parasitic infections. Int J Parasitol 27 :1135–1145.
Wonsit R, Thammapalerd N, Tharavanij S, Radomyos P, Bunnag D, 1992. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica antigens in faecal specimens. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :166–169.
Mackenstedt U, Johnson AM, 1995. Genetic differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 81 :217–221.
Haque R, Kress K, Wood S, Jackson TFHG, Lyerly D, Petri WA Jr, 1993. Diagnosis of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica infection using a stool ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies to the galactose-specific adhesin. J Infect Dis 167 :247–249.
Shenai BR, Komalam BL, Arvind AS, 1996. Recombinant antigen-based avidin-biotin microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of invasive amebiasis. J Clin Microbiol 34 :828–833.
Mirelman D, Nuchamowitz Y, Stolarsky T, 1997. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kits and PCR amplification of rRNA genes for simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar. J Clin Microbiol 5 :2405–2407.
Clark CG, Diamond LS, 1991. Ribosomal RNA genes of ‘pathogenic’ and ‘nonpathogenic’ Entamoeba histolytica are distinct. Mol Biochem Parasitol 47 :297–302.
Novati S, Sironi M, Granata S, Bruno A, Gatti S, Scaglia M, Bandi C, 1996. Direct sequencing of the PCR amplified SSU rRNA gene of Entamoeba dispar and the design of primers for rapid differentiation from Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitology 112 :363–369.
Myjak P, Kur J, Pietkiewicz H, 1997. Usefulness of new DNA extraction procedure for PCR technique in species identification of Entamoeba isolates. Wiad Parazytol 43 :163–170.
Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Nagakura K, Kaneda Y, Takeuchi T, 1991. Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to species-specific antigens of Entamoeba histolytica. J Protozool 38 :329–334.
Cheng XJ, Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Kaneda Y, Huang MY, 1993. Pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica isolates from Shangai, China. Parasitol Res 79 :608–610.
Rivera WL, Tachibana H, Silva-Tahat MRA, Haruki U, Kanbara H, 1996. Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar DNA from cysts present in stool specimens by polymerase chain reaction: its field application in the Philippines. Parasitol Res 82 :585–589.
Tachibana H, Cheng XJ, Kobayashi S, Matsubayashi N, Goth S, Matsubayashi K, 2001. High prevalence of infection with Entamoeba dispar but not E. histolytica, in captive macaques. Parasitol Res 87 :14–17.
Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Takekoshi M, Ihara S, 1991. Distinguishing pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of Entamoeba histolytica by polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 164 :825–826.
Zaman S, Khoo J, Ng SW, Ahmed R, Khan MA, Hussain R, Zaman V, 2000. Direct amplification of Entamoeba histolytica DNA from amoebic liver abscess pus using polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 86 :101–109.
Hoffman WA, Pons JA, Janer JL, 1934. The sedimentation concentration method in schistosomiasis mansoni. J Public Health Trop Med 9 :283–298.
Ritchie LS, 1948. An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examination. Bull USA Med Dept 8 :326.
Robinson GI, 1968. The laboratory diagnosis of human parasitic amoeba. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 62 :285–293.
Haque R, Neville LM, Hahn P, Petri WA Jr, 1995. Rapid diagnosis of Entamoeba infection by using Entamoeba and Entamoeba histolytica stool antigen detection kits. J Clin Microbiol 33 :2558–2561.
Sehgal R, Abd-Alla M, Moody AH, Chiodini PL, Ackers JP, 1995. Comparison of two media for the isolation and short-term culture of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :394.
Alencar LCA, Magalhães V, Melo VM, Aca IS, Magalhães M, Kobayashi S, 1996. Ausência de amebíase invasiva em aidéticos homossexuais masculinos. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 29 :319–322.
Lima TA, Aca IS, Magalhães V, Melo V, Lima RA, Magalhães M, 1998. Etiologia dos abscessos hepáticos criptogenéticos. Arq Bras Med 72 :141–145.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
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